6月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on the kid’s understanding of going to school. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II               Listening Comprehension                                    (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.  Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) He will give the woman some tips on the game.
B) The woman has good reason to quit the game.
C) He is willing to play chess with the woman.
D)The woman should go on playing chess.
2. A) The man can forward the mail to Mary.            C) Mary probably knows Sally’s new address.
B) She can call Mary to take care of the mail.              D) She would like to resume contact with Sally.
3. A) His handwriting has a unique style.                            C) He did not attend today’s class.
B) His notes are not easy to read.                                   D) He is very pleased to be able to help.
4. A) The man had better choose another restaurant.
B) The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C) The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D) The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.     A) He has been looking forward to spring.                        C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
        B) He has been waiting for the winter sale.                      D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.     A) The woman is rather forgetful.                                      C) The man often lends books to the woman.
        B) The man appreciates the woman’s help.                        D) The woman often works overtime at weekends.
7.     A) Go to work on foot. C) Start work earlier than usual.
B) Take a sightseeing trip. D) Take a walk when the weather is nice.
8.     A) The plane is going to land at another airport.
B) All flights have been delayed due to bad weather.
C) Temporary closing has disturbed the airport’s operation.
D) The airport’s management is in real need of improvement.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) It specializes in safety from leaks.                                   C) It has a partnership with LCP.
B) It is headquartered in London.                                        D) It has a chemical processing plant.
10.    A) He is Mr. Grants friend.                                                  C) He is a salesman.
B) He is a safety inspector.                                                  D) He is a chemist.
11.    A) Director of the safety department.                                   C) Head of the personnel department.
B)  Mr.  Grand’s personal assistant.                                     D) The public relations officer.
12.    A) Wait for Mr. Grand to call back.
B) Leave a message for Mr. Grand.
C) Provide details of their products and services.
D) Send a comprehensive description of their work.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She learned playing the violin from a famous French musician.
B) She dreamed of working and living in a European country.
C) She read a lot about European musicians and their music.
D) She listened to recordings of many European orchestras.
14.    A) She began taking violin lessons as a small child.
B) She was a pupil of a famous European violinist.
C) She gave her first performance with her father.
D) She became a professional violinist at fifteen.
15.    A) It gave her a chance to explore the city. C) It was a great challenge to her.
B) It was the chance of a lifetime. D) It helped her learn classical French music.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D) . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.    A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.    A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.    A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.     A) Theft. B) Cheating.                                     C)   Air crash.    D) Road accidents.
20.    A) Learn the local customs.                           C) Book tickets well in advance.
B) Make hotel reservations.                           D) Have the right documents.
21.    A) Contact your agent.                                    C) Use official transport.
B) Get a lift if possible.                                    D) Have a friend meet you.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22     A) Cut down production cost.                                    C) Specialise in gold ornaments.
B) Sell inexpensive products.                                D) Refine the taste of his goods.
23     A) At a national press conference.                             C) During a local sales promotion campaign.
B) During a live television interview.                        D) At a meeting of top British businesspeople.
24     A) Insulted. B) Puzzled.            C) Distressed.            D) Discouraged.
25     A) The words of some businesspeople are just rubbish.
B) He who never learns from the past is bound to fail.
C) There should be a limit to one’s sense of humour.
D) He is not laughed at, that laughs at himself first.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. 、
Looking at the basic biological systems, the world is not doing very well. Yet economic indicators show the world is   26     . Despite a slow start at the beginning of the eighties, global economic output increased by more than a fifth during the   27   . The economy grew, trade increased, and millions of new jobs were created. How can biological indicators show the 28 of economic indicators?
The answer is that the economic indicators have a basic fault; they show no difference between resource uses that   29   progress and those uses that will hurt it. The main measure of economic progress is the gross national product (GNP). 30   , this totals the value of all goods and services produced and subtracts loss in value of factories and equipment. Developed a half-century ago, GNP helped    31   a common way among countries of measuring change in economic output. For some time, this seemed to work   32   well, but serious weaknesses are now appearing. As indicated earlier, GNP includes loss in value of factories and equipment, but it does not   33   the loss of natural resources, including nonrenewable resources such as oil or renewable resources such as forests.
This basic fault can produce a   34   sense of national economic health. According to GNP, for example, countries that overcut forests actually do better than those that preserve their forests. The trees cut down are counted as income but no subtraction is made for   35   the forests.
PartⅢ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The U. S. Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education. Today it is   36    the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiative will help states and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.
“All children are   37   to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family income. It is   38   important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full    39   ” U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite the excellent work and deep   40   of our nation’s teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high- minority schools are unfairly treated across our country. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will   41   their own creative solutions, but we must work together to   42   our focus on how to better recruit, support and   43    effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.”
Today’s announcement is another important step forward in improving access to a quality education, a   44   of President Obama’s year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the   45   of working in high-need schools and how to adopt promising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.
A) announcing I) distributing
B) beneficial J) enhance
C) challenges K) entitled
D) commitment L) potential
E) component M) properly
F) contests N) qualified
G) critically O) retain
H) develop 

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Changes Facing Fast Food
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s, whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consumers need to cut spending, the logic goes，cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such “trading down” proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
C) As a result, fast-food chains have weathered the recession better than their more expensive competitors. In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by more than 6% , but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains. In some markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased. Same-store sales in America at McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food company, did not decline throughout the downturn. Panera Bread, an American fast-food chain known for its fresh ingredients, performed well, too, because it offers higher-quality food at lower prices than restaurants.
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer，an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast- food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and Carl’s Jr.，have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
E) Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value.During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger franchisees(特许经营人)sued（起诉） the company over its double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be repuired to sell these for $1 when they cost $1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu” now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
F) Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to entice (引诱） consumers away from $1 specials. RFC, a division of Yum! Brands，which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue(烧烤）pork ribs at $7 for eight.
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ’’ line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
H)  As fast-food companies shift from “super size” to “more buys”，they need to keep customer traffic high throughout the day. Many see breakfast as a big opportunity, and not just for fatty food. McDonald’s will start selling porridge (粥）in America next year. Breakfast has the potential to be very profitable, says Sara Senatore of Bernstein, a research firm, because the margins can be high. Fast-food companies are also adding midday and late-night snacks, such as blended drinks and wraps. The idea is that by having a greater range of things on the menu, “we can sell to consumers products they want all day,” says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight obesity (肥胖症）.These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. “Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,” says Mr. Palmer of UBS. America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6% and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (创新). Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. “We probably sell more vegetables, more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world," he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie "Happy Meals”, because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
46. Some people propose laws be made to stop McDonald’s from attaching toys to its food specials for children.
47. Fast-food firms may not be able to cope with pressures from food regulation in the near future.
48. Burger King will start to sell Seattle’s Best coffee to increase sales.
49. Some fast-food firms provide healthy food to give the impression they are helping to tackle the obesity problem.
50. During the recession, many customers turned to fast food to save money.
51. Many people eat out less often to save money in times of recession.
52. During the recession, Burger King’s promotional strategy of offering low-priced items often proved ineffective.
53. Fast-food restaurants can make a lot of money by selling breakfast.
54. Many fast-food companies now expect to increase their revenue by introducing higher-priced items.
55. A newly-passed law asks big fast-food chains to specify the calorie count of what they serve on the menu.

Section d
Directions ： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A)，B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜) keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week^ Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑瘤）and delays their occurrence, it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas—the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn’t have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection—not sunscreen—seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it’s not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.
Many people also don’t use sunscreen properly—applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying—recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.
The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer,  it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (补上) sunscreen and slap on a hat.
56. What is peopled common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.           C) It will keep their skin smooth and fair.
B) It will protect them from sunburn. D) It will work for people of any skin color.
57. What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.
B) It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.
C) It is ineffective with long-term exposure.
D) It is ineffective for people with fair skin.
58. What do we learn from the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people?
A) Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.
B) High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.
C) Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.
D) Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.
59. What does the author say about the second Australian study?
A) It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.
B) It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.
C) It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.
D) It confirms the results of the first Australian study.
60. What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates?
A)  Using both covering up and sunscreen. C) Using covering up instead of sunscreen.
B ) Staying in the shade whenever possible. D) Applying the right amount of sunscreen.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62 - 74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.
The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double,  from 600 million to 1. 1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿）translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend,  the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.
Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
61. What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?
A) Younger people are replacing the elderly.
B) Well-educated people tend to work longer.
C) Unemployment rates are rising year after year.
D) People with no college degree do not easily find work.
62. What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor?
A) Longer life expectancies. C) Profound changes in the workforce.
B) A rapid technological advance. D) A growing number of the well-educated.
63. What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century?
A) Economic growth will slow down.
B) Government budgets will increase.
C) More people will try to pursue higher education.
D) There will be more competition in the job market.
64. What is the result of policy changes in European countries?
A) Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.
B) More people have to receive in-service training.
C) Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.
D) People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.
65. What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?
A) Computers will do more complicated work.
B) More will be taken by the educated young.
C) Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones.
D) Skills are highly valued regardless of age.
Part IY Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到 2020年建成一个太空站。目前,中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时,它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。5年6月大英语四级考试真题答案与详解
(第1套）
Part I Writing
审题思路
这是一篇四级考试中常见的议论文。此次通过漫画所呈现出的话题phone (手机）是考生日常生活中熟悉 的话题，因此写起来并不难。考生应该将重点放在第二段阐述手机与日常学习的关系上。联系实际分析可知二 者关系为:手机为日常学习带来了便利条件，但不能完全取代校园学习。
©写作提纲
一、提出观点:手机在学习中虽然重要但并非必不可少(play an important but not indispensable role) 一、A、下观占fl.学生自身应具有很好的知识储备(have a good command of)
一m…我们的个人知识（personal knowledge)促进了手机的发展
1. 过度依赖手机弊大于利（over-dependence on phones does more harm than good) i_2.要平衡好手机与知识学习的关系（balance the relationship between phones and study)
'范文点评
高分范文 精彩点评
The Role of Phones in Study
① What the drawing vividly depicts is that a pupil asks his mother why he is going to school since his phone already knows everything. © The picture illustrates that some students are highly dependent on their phones, overlooking the importance of personal study.③ However, as far as I am ① 描述图片:孩子认为有手机就不需要去
上学了。
② 揭示漫画隐含的信息:很多学生过于依 赖手机。
③ 提出观点：手机在学习中虽然重要，但 并非必不可少。'
④ 承上启下，论证观点。
⑤ © 使用 in the first place ...，in the second place...从两个方面进行论证， 层次分明。
⑧针对上述论证，总结观点，提出建议。 P加分亮点
be highly dependent on…高度依赖 
overlook忽视，忽略 indispensable必不可少的
be supposed to …应该 
have a good command of …很好地掌 握……
at hand在手边
concerned, phones play an important but not indispensable role in students5 learning.
@ There is no denying that mobile phones have brought much convenience, but we are not supposed to rely on them too much in the process of study. ® In the first place, we shoxild have a good command of knowledge on our own to cope with various situations without phones at hand. © In the second place, it is our personal knowledge that promotes the development of phones. Without the basic education at school， phones would not be invented.
© All in all, over-dependence on phones does more harm than good. (8) Therefore, we should properly balance the relationship between phones and study. Only in this way can we benefit most from our learning process. 

□全文翻译
手机在学习中的作用
漫画生动地描述了一个小学生问他的母亲，既然他的手机已经无所不知，为什么还要去上学。这幅漫画揭示 了这样一个现象:一些学生高度依赖手机,而忽视了个人学习的重要性。'然而，我认为，手机在学生们的学习中虽 然重要但并非必不可少。
毫无疑问，手机给我们带来了很多便利，但是在学习过程中，我们不应该过度依赖手机。首先,我们自身应该 具有很好的知识储备以应对没有手机在手边时的各种情况。其次，正是我们的个人知识促进了手机的发展。如 果没有学校的基础教育，就没有手机的问世。
总而言之，过度依赖手机弊大于利。因此，我们应该合理地平衡手机与学习的关系。只有这样我们才能够从 学习过程中获得最大的收益。
縻拓展空间
主题词汇 句式拓展
make good use of 充分利用 L For a long time，many students have paid much attention to the
pay close attention to 密切关注  development in...，let alone the updating of…长期以来,许多学
be oblivious to 无视  生对……的发展十分关注，更不要说……的更新了。
extend…into…将 扩展到  2. With the increasing awareness of, more and more people
attach importance to 重视  choose to...instead of...随着人们 意识的提高，越来越多的人
be overwhelmed by 充满  选择……而不再……。
digital数字的，数码的 
text messages to编辑短信至  
virtual world虚拟世界 

Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
1. W： Fin going to give up playing chess. I lost again today.
M： Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit?
详解男士说今晚要带女朋友去新开的饭店过生日。女士说她上周去过，太让她失望了。从rather disappointing可以听出女士话语中强烈的否定意味，言外之意就是建议男士不要去这家饭店了，应该另
选一家。故本题答案为A)#/.
5. W： Winter is over at last. Time to put away my gloves and boots.
M： Fve been waiting for this for months.
Q: What does the man mean?
A) 。铴未听先知四个选项中三个都提到了季节，由此推测对话内容可能与季节有关。另外，四个选项都是
以he j|'•头，故n丨判断该题会从刃十的角度进行提问，5]十的话为听音S点。
详解女十说，冬天终十结束r,町以把手奁和靴收起来广：K十[[!丨应说为此他已经等了好几个月 广敁然刃十和女十一样II;常期待冬天的结束，也就是盼天的到来故本题答案为A)
6. W ： Thank you for bringing the books back.
M ： I thought you need them over the weekend. Many thanks for letting me use them.
Q ： What do we learn from the conversation?
B) 。（•未听先知四个选项中，A)和D)以the woman为主语，B)和C)以the man为主语，选项在内容上较
分散，可以推测该题并非针对男士或女士个人的话提问，而是考查对整个对话的理解，听音时应注意从全 局把握对话内容。
详解对话开头,女士对男士说，谢谢他把书送回来，由此可知应该是男士借了女士的书，故首先排除
C) 项;男士说，他认为女士周末会用到，而且感谢女士让他使用这些书，故本题选择B)。
7. W ： Are you working flexible hours?
M: No，I’m not. The weather today is so nice，so I decided to walk to work, arid that meant I had to leave an hour earlier than usual.
Q: What did the man decide to do?
A)。（I’丰听先知：选项中涉及work, on foot, trip和walk等词，可推测对话和步行上班或旅行相关。四个 选项词短语，由此可推断该题会对建议或计划进行提问，应特别注意和建议或计划相关的表述。 (MMi、女士问男士的工作时间是否可以变通，男士回答说，不能。但今天天气很好，他决定步行去上 班，所以必须比平常早一个小时出发。男士话语中有明显的表示计划的动词decided，其后的内容就是本 题的答案，故答案为AU T
8. W: Our plane has been circling for a long time. Why the delay?
M ： The airport was closed for a while this morning, and things are still not back to normal.
Q ： What does the man mean?
（听四个选项均涉及飞机和机场，而且都和机场存在的问题有关，故听音的重点为机场在哪方 面出现了问题營Jii女士问，飞机已经盘旋了很长时间，为什么会延迟。男回答说，机场早晨关闭了段时间，而且仍然没有恢复正常。由此可知，机场出现的问题是closed for a while,而选项C)中的temporary dosing正是该表述的同义转述，故本题答案为C)。
Conversation One
W ： Good Morning, this is TGC!
M： Good morning, Walter Bany here, calling from London. Could I speak to Mr. Grand, please?
W: Who’s calling, please?
M： Walter Barry, from London.
W： What is it about, please?
M： Well, (9) I understand that your company has a chemical processing plant. My own company LCP, Liquid Control Products, is a leader in safety from leaks in the field of chemical processing. (10) I’d like to speak to Mr. Grand to discuss ways in which we could help TGC to protect itself from such problems and save money at the same time.
M： A colleague, for example?
W ： (11) You are speaking to his personal assistant. I can deal with calls for Mr. Grand.
M ： Yes, well, could I ring him tomorrow?
W： No, Tin sorry. He won5t be free tomorrow. Listen, let me suggest something. (12) You send us details of your products and services, together with references from other companies. And then well contact you. M ： Yes, thafs very kind of you. I have your address.
W ： Very good, Mr. ... ?
M ： Barry. Walter Barry, from LCP in London.
W： Right, Mr. Barry. We look forward to hearing from you.
M ： Thank you, goodbye.
W： Bye.
—未听先知预览四道题各选项，由选项中出现的partnership，plant，salesman，chemist，director，assistant， department和products等词可以推测，本文和商业有关，可能涉及公司之间的合作或产品的推销。结合第10题 和第11题各选项，应注意对话中对人物身份的描述，结合第12题的选项可推测该对话可能是电话对话。
9. What do we learn about the woman’s company?
D)。由对话开头可知，男士在给女士打电话，女士问男士有什么事情，男士在说明来电目的前说，自 己了i到女士的公司有家化学加工厂，故D)为答案。，二
10. What do we learn about the man?
c)。解:对话中，男士先表明_己的身份，介绍了自己公司，说明了来电I的是想和格兰德先生讨论如 何条助TGC公司防止泄漏，同时节省开支的问题,实际上就是要推荐自己公司的产品，由此可推断男士 是一名销售员，故C)为答案。^
11. What is the womans position in her company?
解对话中，女士告知男士格兰德先生非常忙，没空与男士说话，男士想找其他人商谈，女士告诉 他，f也正和格兰德先生的私人助理说话，即女士就是格兰德先生的私人助理，故B)为答案q ^
12. What does the woman suggest the man do?
c) , _详解对话中，女士说letmesuggestsomething，|l丨此tJ丨知，其后就足女上对男上的建议，即为该题
的答案=对话中，女士建议男十将K公M'j产品和服务的详情以及其他公司的推荐倍一卯奇送过来，之后 会和男士联系，故C)为答案
Conversation Two
M： Miss Yamada, (13) did you ever think that you would find yourself living and working in the western world?
W： (13) N〇w not really, although IVe always listened to recordings of great orchestras from Europe.
M ： So you enjoyed classical music even when you were very young?
W ： Oh, yes. I was only a child.
M： You were bom in 1955. Is that right?
W： Yes, (14) I began violin lessons at school when I was 6.
M ： As young as that. Did you like it?
W ： Oh, yes. Very much.
M： When did you first play on your own? I mean, when did you give your first performance?
W ： I think I was 8... ? No, 9. I just had my birthday a week before, and my father had bought me a new violin.
I played a small piece at the school concert.
M ： Did you know then that you would become a professional violinist?
W: Yes，I think so. I er\joy playing the violin veiy much，and I didn’t mind practicing，sometimes three or four hours a day.
M： And when did you first come to Europe?
W: I was very lucky. When I was fifteen，I won a scholarship to a college in Paris. That was for a three-year course.
M ： How did your parents feel about that?
W ： I think they were pleased and worried at the same time. (15) It was the chance of a lifetime. But of course I would be thousands of miles from home. Anyway, I studied in Paris for three years and then went back to Tokyo.
^未听先知预览三道题各选项，由选项中出现的violin，musician, music，orchestras, violinist和 performance等可以推测，本对话与音乐有关，内容可能涉及女士成为小提琴演奏家的经历。结合各选项中出现 的人称代词均为she或her可知，三个问题都是从女士的角度提问，因此女士的话是听音时的重点。
13. What do we know about the woman before she went to Europe?
D) 〇 (瞬解' 男士问女士是否想过会在西方世界生活和工作，女士回答说没有，但是自己一直都听欧洲大
型管€乐队的唱片，由此可知女士在到欧洲之前听过很多欧洲管弦乐队的唱片，故D)是答案。
14. What does the woman say about her music experience?
A) 。_详解男士问女士是否很小就喜欢古典音乐，女士给出肯定回答，并说自己六岁就开始在学校学习
小¥秦，故A)为答案。
15. What does the woman say about her study in Paris?
B)  。解对话末尾，女士提到自己十五岁获得奖学金到巴黎留学，男士询问女士父母对此有何感受，女
士说她父母喜忧参半，因为这既是个千载难逢的机会，也意味着她要远离故乡。四个选项中只有B)与 原文相符，故为答案。
Section
Passage One I
What makes a person famous? This is a mystery that many people have carefully thought about. All kinds of myths surround the lives of well-known people. Most people are familiar with the works of William Shakespeare, one of the greatest English writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. (16) Yet how many know Shakespeare the person, the man behind the works? After centimes of research, scholars are still trying to discover Shakespeare^ personal history. It is not easily found in his writings. Authors of the time could not protect their works. An acting company, for example, could change a play if they wanted to. Nowadays, writers have copyrights that protect their work.
Many myths arose about Shakespeare. Some said he had no formal education. Others believed that he began his career by tending the horses of wealthy men. All of these myths are interesting，but are they true? Probably not. (17) Shakespeare^ father was a respected man in Stratford-on-Avon, a member of the town council. He sent young William to grammar school. Most people of Elizabethan times did not continue beyond grammar school ； so, Shakespeare did have, at least, an average education. (18) Some parts of Shakespeare’s life will always remain unknown. The Great London Fire of 1666 burned many important documents that could have been a source of clues. We will aMays be left with many questions and few facts.
_未听先知预览三道题各选项，选项中都含有he，his或him这些人称代词，再结合选项中多次出现的词汇 works, writer和sources等可以推测，短文可能与某位男作家相关。
16. What does the speaker say about William Shakespeare?
D) 。_解短文中作者先提出“有多少人了解莎士比亚本人”的问题，接着指出学者们经过几个世纪的研
究i后，仍然在不断探索他的个人史。由此可知，莎士比亚的个人史很少有人知道，故D)为答案。
17. What do we learn about Shakespeare^ father?
c)。： _序解:本题考查对莎士比亚父亲的了解，由于使用的人称代词都是he,会对听前预测造成一定的干 扰，在听录音时应注意将选项和短文内容进行匹配区别。文章中提到莎士比亚的父亲受人尊敬,是埃文 河畔斯特拉特福镇议会的一名成员，故C)为答案。
18. Why does the speaker say parts of Shakespeare^ life will remain a mystery?
B)。■详解文章中提到1666年伦敦的一场大火把很多東要文件烧毁了，而这衅本来可能是了解莎士比 亚的线索，因此莎十比亚的一部分生活将永远不为人所知，故B)为答案3
Passage Two
Wherever you go and for whatever reason，it’s important to be safe. (19) While the majority of people you will meet when travelling are sure to be friendly and welcoming, there are dangers—theft being the most common.
Just as in your home country, do not expect everyone you meet to be friendly and helpful. Ifs important to prepare for your trip in advance and to take precautions while you are travelling. (20) As you prepare for your trip, make sure you have the right paperwork. You don?t want to get to your destination only to find you have the wrong visa，or worse，that your passport isn’t valid any more. Also, make sure you travel with proper medical insurance, so that if you are sick or injured during your travels, you will be able to get treatment. If you want to drive while you are abroad, make sure you have an international driver^ license.
(21) When you get to your destination, use official transport. Always go to bus and taxi stands. Don’t accept rides from strangers who offer you a lift. If there is no meter in the taxi，agree on a price before you get in. If you prefer to stay in cheap hotels while travelling, make sure you can lock the door of your room from the inside. Finally, remember to smile. Ifs the friendliest and most sincere form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world!
■牵听先知预览三道题各选项，通过选项中出现的theft, cheating, air crash, road accidents, local customs, reservations, book tickets, documents, agent和transport等词，可以推测这篇短文谈论的是旅游出行的话题。
19. What is mentioned as a most common danger when people go travelling abroad?
A)^ _详解)短文开头部分提到，人们在外出旅游时遇到的大部分人都:蠢既友i好又热情的，但也会遇到很
多危而其中最为常见的就是盗窃，故A)为答案
20. What is the most important thing to do when you prepare for your trip abroad?
文中提到，在准备出国旅游时，—定要确保文件正确，谁都不想到了目的地却发现签证错误、 护照过期等情况。选项D)中的documents与文中的paperwork是同义转述，故D)为答案。
21. What does the speaker suggest you do when you arrive at your destination?
ci羊解丨文章最后给出建议:到达目的地后要选择乘坐正规的交通工具，故c)为答案。
Passage Three |
(25) The British are supposed to be famous for laughing at themselves, but even their sense of humour has a limit，as the British retailer Gerald Ratner found out to his cost. (22) When Ratner took over his father’s chain of 130 jeweliy shops in 1984, he introduced a very clear company policy. He decided that his shops should sell downmarket products at the lowest possible prices. It was a great success. The British public loved his cheap gold earrings and his tasteless silver ornaments. By 1991, RatnerJs company had 2,400 shops and it was worth over 680 million pounds. But in April of that year，Gerald Ratner made a big mistake. (23) At a big meeting of top British businesspeople, he showed up and explained the secret of his success. “People say 4 How can we sell our goods for such a low price?5 I say ' Because they are absolute rubbish. 5 His audience roared with laughter. But the British newspapers and the British public were not so amused. (24) People felt insulted and stayed away from Ratner’s shops. Sales fell and 6 months after his speech, Ratner^ share price had fallen by 42% . The following year, things got worse and Gerald Ratner was forced to resign. By the end of 1992, he lost his company, his career and his house. Even worse, 25,000 of his employees had lost their jobs. (25) It had been a very expensive joke.
_未听先知预览四道题各选项，结合选项中的production，products，ornaments，sales promotion， businesspeople, humour和laughs at等词可推断本文和做生意有关系，可能涉及做生意需要的幽默。
22. What did Gerald Ratner decide to do when he took over his father^ shops?
解$短文提到，拉特纳在1984年接管了父亲的珠宝连锁店后，决定以最低的价格卖出低档产品，选 项 B)中 sell inexpensive products 是原文 sell downmarket products 的同义转述，故 B)为答案。
23. On what occasion did Gerald Ratner explain the secret of his success?
D)=修详解短文明确提到，在一次英国上层商人会议上，拉特纳出席并解释了自己成功的秘密，故D)为
答案：
24. How did people feel when they learned of Gerald Ratner?s remarks?
A)。.详解短文提到，听到拉特纳的评论后，人们觉得受到了侮辱并远离拉特纳的商店，故A)为答案。
25. What does the story of Gerald Ratner suggest?
c)。- _详解>短文开头就点明了主题，提到英国人以自嘲闻名，但即使是对他们来说，幽默也应该有限度， 接Si文以拉特纳的故事为例说明这个主题，文末再次强调“这个玩笑的代价太大了 ”,以此首尾呼应， 告诉我们开玩笑要有度，故c)为答案I®
Section C
26. prospering。详解此处应该填人一个现在分词或形容词，作is的表语。prospering意为“繁荣的”。
27. decade。 .梟详解此处应该填人表示时间的名词，与前面的介词during搭配。decade意为“十年”。
28. opposite。详解此处应该填入名词。opposite意为“对立面”。
29.  sustain。聋详解此处应该填人动词原形作从句谓语，上文的先行词resource uses充当其主语。sustain
意为“保持，纟i¥”。
30. In simple terms。_连解此处应该填人副词或介词短语作状语。in simple terms意为“简言之”。
31. establish。f .详解此处应该填入动词原形，与其前面的help搭配，并且能和后面的way搭配。establish
意为“建立，设立”。
32.  reasonably。详解此处应该填入副词修饰well。reasonably意为“尚可，还可以”。
33. take into account 〇 (藥择解:此处应该填人动词原形或动词短语。 take into account意为“考虑，重视％
34. misleading。(■痒搌)此处应该填人形容词来修饰sensegmisleading意为“令人误解的’’ 7 _.
35. using up。〔馨洋解:此处应该填人动名词或动名词短语来作介词for的宾语，并和forests进行搭配。using
up意为“耗用光^
Part III Reading Comprehension
 
O全文麵译

美国教育部正在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。今天，它（36)宣布开始实施“为所有学 生提供优秀教育工作者”的活动方案。这一方案将帮助各州和各学区为那些有最迫切需要的学生提供优秀教育 工作者的支持。
“所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收入，都应（37)有权利接受高质量的教育。为教师和校长们提供帮助 学生发挥全部（39)潜力所需的支持是(38)至关重要的，”美国教育部部长阿恩•邓肯说。：“尽管我们国家的教师 和校长们工作出色且全情（40)投入，全国各地那些极为贫困及少数民族聚集的学校的学生仍然音到不公正的对 待。我们必须努力做到更好^地方官员和教育工作者都将（41)形成他们自己的创造性解决方案，但是我们必须 共同努力，（42)增强我们对于如何更好地为所有学生招募、支持和（43)留住优秀教师和校长的关注，特别是那些 最需要他们的孩子们。”
今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,是奥巴马总统行动年的一个（44)组成部分。今天 晚些时候，邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议，讨论有关在高需求的学校工 作面临的（45) _以及如何采取有前途的举措以支持在这些学校的教育工作者
'选项归类
名词：C) clMenges 挑战；D) commitment 投入，承诺；E) component 组成部分，部件；F) contests 比赛;
L) potential潜力，可能性
动词：A) announcing宣布,宣称;H) develop形成，发展;I) distributing分发,散布;J) enhance增强，提高;
K) entitled使(某人)有权利;0) retain留用
形容词：B) beneficial有利的，有益的;N) qualified胜任的，合格的
副词：G) critically很大程度上,极为重要地；M) properly合理地，正确地
8详解详析,
B) A) announcing。(HWM)动词辨析题i句首出现时间状语today，费格位于系动词is和名词短语the launch of…之间，因此空格处需要填人动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时。前一句提到，美国教育部正 在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。因此，空格处需要填人^个能够与名词launch构成 动宾搭配的动词，表示“宣布开始实施一项方案或活动由此确定announcing为本题答案，意思是“宣布”。. 备选词中，distributing意思是“分发，散布”，与此处文意不符，且无法与launch构成动宾搭配，故排除。
C)  K) entitled。动词辨析题。空格前面是系动词are,后面是介词to及其宾语,因此空格处需要填人 形容词作表语或者动词的被动语态，并与介词to搭配。上文提到,美国教育部今天宣布开始实施为所有学生 提供优秀教育工作者的活动方案，本句解释了实施此方案的原因，即所有孩子都应有权利接受高质量的教 育。因此，空格处需要填人一个表示‘¥有权利”或“有资格”的形容词，且能够与介词to搭配，备选形容词中只 有entitled同时符合这两项要求，由此确定其为本题答案。be entitled to意思是“有……资格”。备选词中， beneficial意思是“有利的，有益的”，与此处文意不符,排除;qualified意思是“有资格的”，但不能与介词to
搭配使用，因此也可以排除。
D) G) critically。（_详解副词辨析题。空格前面是系动词is，后面是形容词important,因此空格处需要填入 一个副词，用来修饰形容词important。上句提到，所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收人，都应有权利接 受高质量的教育，本句承接上句，表明为教师和校长们提供帮助学生发挥全部潜力所需支持的重要性。因 此，空格处需要填人一个表示“非常，相当，很”的副词，与important表达“至关重要”的意义，由此确定副词 critically为本题答案，意思是“很大程度上，极为重要地”。备选词中，properly意思是“合理地，正确地”，与 此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
E) L) potential。（gif解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词性物主代词their及形容词M1，因此空格处需要 填人一个名词。本句提到要为教师和校长们提供支持，而这些支持是为了帮助学生发挥其全部潜力。因此, 空格处需要填人一个能与动词reach相搭配的名词，且表达“潜力，能力”的意义，由此确定名词potential为 本题答案，意思是“潜力”。备选词中，challenges意思是“挑战'commitment意思是“投人，承诺”， component意思是“组成部分，部件” contests意思是“比赛”，均与此处文意不符，且不能与动词reach搭 配，可以排除。
4〇. D) commitment。i:_?i羊解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词deep,后面为介词of,因此空格处需要填人名 词。根据连词and可以判断，该名词与and前面的excellent work在意义上应该是并列的，且根据上下文，此 处要表达的意义是教师和校长们工作出色且努力。因此，空格处的名词表达的是“努力”或“投人”的意思，且 为不可数的抽象名词，备选词中只有commitment—词符合要求，由此确定其为本题答案。备选词中的 challenges和contests均为可数名词复数形式，可以排除;component意思是“组成部分，部件”，与此处文意 不符，且不能用deep进行修饰，可以排除;potential已经用过，直接排除。
H) develop。（解动词辨析题。空格前面为助动词will,后面为名词短语their own creative solutions, 因此空格处需要填人动词原形，与will构成一般将来时态，并与名词solutions构成动宾短语。solutions意 思是“解决方案”，因此填人的动词应该表达“想出，找到”或“研究出，制定出”的意义。由此可以确定，动词 develop为本题答案，意思是“形成”。备选词中，enhance意思是“增强，提高”，retain意思是“留用”，均不能 与solutions搭|^，且g此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
J) enhance。(动词辨析题。空格前面是动词短语work together•及动词不定式符号to,后面是名 词短语our focus，因此空格处需要填人动词原形，且与our focus构成动宾搭配。根据上下文,教育部长认为 我们必须共同努力增强对于某些问题的关注。因此，空格处填人的动词应该表达“增强，增加”的意义，由此 可以确定，动词enhance为本题答案，意思是“增强,提高”。备选词中，develop已经用过，直接排除;retain 意思是“留用”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
O) retain.。(||择解j动词辨析题。根据and前面的两个动词recruit和support及其形式可以判断,空格处 需要填人的是动词原形，且与recruit和support构成并列关系，recruit意思是“招募”，support意思是“支持， 配备”，宾语都是空格后的effective teachers and principals,由此可以确定，动词retain为本题答案。
 E) component。藝译)j名词辨析题。空格前面是不定冠词a,后面是介词of,因此空格处需要填人可数 名词的单数形式。前面讲到，今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,而介词of后面又提到 了奥巴马总统行动年，因此可以判断今天的公告内容是奥巴马总统行动年的行动内容之一，空格处应填入表 示“内容，组成部分”的名词。由此可以确定名词component为本题答案,意思是“组成部分”。备选词中， commitment和potential已经用过，直接排除；challenges和contests均为可数名词的复数形式，也可以 排除。
 C) challenges。痒解名词辨析题。空格前面是定冠词the,后面是介词of,因此空格处应填人名词形 式。本句介绍的是邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议内容，根据上下 文,在高需求的学校工作必将面临更多的挑战或困难。因此，空格处填人的名词可能表达“困难，问题”或“挑 战”的意义，由此可以判断，名词challenges为本题答案，意思是“挑战”。备选词中，commitment，potential 和component均用过，直接排除;contests意思是“比赛”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
Section
□全文翻译
快餐业面临的改变
A)快餐业不得不成为一个厚着脸皮生存的群体。健康专家因其向人们兜售令人肥胖的食品而不断对其进 行猛烈抨击。评论家们甚至抱怨说商标代表超高热量的麦当_劳不应该获准赞助世界杯。（47)这些是快餐业已 经学会去处理的一些事情。但是，可能撑不了多久。当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出回应时， 
还面临着来自监管部门更多的压力。
快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退逻辑上，当消费者要削减开支时，巨无霸和皇堡等便宜的食物 会变得更有吸引力。在最近的经济衰退中，当快餐商家留住了那些在休闲餐馆也付不起钱的消费者时，这样的 “降级消费”得以证明。在美国，这个快餐的发源地，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，例如推出1美元菜 单和便宜的什锦饭，快餐店客流也变得兴旺起来。
结果，快餐连锁企业比那些贵一点的同行们更好地度过了这次经济危机。在2009年美国提供全方位服 务的餐馆的营业额与以前同期相比有超过6%的降幅，但是快餐连锁企业的营业额却依然保持不变。其他国家的 市场，如曰本、法国和英国，在快餐上的整体消费呈增长态势。在美国同行业的营业额中，世界上最大的快餐企业 麦当劳在没有下滑的情况下度过了经济衰退期。以其新鲜原料闻名的美国快餐连锁店帕尼罗面包同样表现良 好，因为它以比饭店低廉的价格提供了更高质量的食品。
但并非所有的快餐企业都如此幸运。诸如汉堡王等许多企业的营业额就有所下滑。（51)在经济衰退的 严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。瑞士联合银行的分析师大 卫.帕尔曼表示，在美国，一些小型的快餐连锁店，如玩偶匣和卡乐星，在这次经济衰退中受到了特别严重的冲 击，因为它们要与麦当劳这样的全球性快餐巨头进行竞争。去年，在其他企业都减少广告投入的情况下，麦当劳 在广告宣传上的投入却增加了 7%多。
—些快餐企业还不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。（52)在经济衰退期间，很多商家采取 低价策略，他们期望一旦吸引顾客进门，就能够劝说他们购买梢贵的产品。但在多数情况下，这种策略并不^ 效。去年，汉堡王的特许经销商就因为双层奶酪汉堡的促销活动而起诉该公司，声称以1美元出售这些成本价^ 1.10美元的产品对他们来说是不公平的。五月份法官裁决表示支持汉堡王。尽管如此，这家公司可能还是要咒 骂其做出的促销便宜菜品而不是更高价菜品的决定，因为这些“实惠菜单”上的菜品在销售总额中所占的比例从 去年10月的12%上升到了现在的20% ^
(54)分析人士对今年快餐业的适度增长有所期待。但是衰退的形势促使商家重新考虑他们的策略。现 在许多商家推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从1美元的特价商品中吸引回来。拥有塔可钟和必胜客的百 胜餐饮集团的旗下品牌肯德基已经推出了一款售价约5美元的鸡肉三明治。五月份汉堡王推出了 7美元八个的 烤猪排。
许多快餐企业也试图让消费者购买包括饮料在内的更多新产品。麦当劳开始销售更优质的咖啡作为对 星巴克的挑战。它的“麦克咖啡”系列在美国本土的销售量约占6%。（48)星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖 的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些时候开始销售。
因为销售策略从“大尺寸”向“更多买家”转变，快餐商家需要维持一天的高客流量。(53)许多商家看到 了早餐市场的巨大商机，而不是仅仅出售高脂肪的食物。麦当劳明年将在美国销售粥类食物。伯恩斯坦调查公 司的分析师莎拉•塞纳托尔表示，早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。快餐商家也在增加中午和 夜晚小吃的种类，例如混合型饮料及包装食品。其想法是，通过在菜单上涵盖更广的范围，“我们可以卖给消费者 他们一整天都需要的食物，”百胜集团首席财务官瑞克•卡如茨说道。
但是那些越长越粗的腰围怎么办呢？到目前为止，快餐企业已经聪明地避开了政府的监管。（49)通过提 供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，这些企业至少给人们留下了采取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。提供 的这些东西未必是亏本特卖品，因为它们增强了廉价食品店对食客群体，包括不想吃汉堡的人们的吸引力。但是 消费者不能被强制点沙拉来代替薯条。
在未来，简单提供一些健康的可供选择的食品可能是不够的。“每一个我所了解的包装食品和餐馆企业 现在都在关心法律规定，”瑞银集团的帕尔曼先生表示。（55)今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家 及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。一项由美国国家经济研究局开展的对2007 年在纽约推出的相似热量张贴法案对星巴克的影响跟踪调查发现,在旁边有唐恩都乐连锁店的情况下，星巴克每 次交易中的平均热量值减少了 6% ,而收益增长了 3% ■——也就是说，这些菜单标签有助于这些连锁企业提供更 健康的菜品。
为了避免与美国和其他地方的法规起冲突，快餐企业将不得不继续创新。麦当劳的沃特■瑞克宣称其公 司已经对菜单进行了改良，这意味着麦当劳与几年前相比会提供更多健康的食品。“与世界上的其他餐饮企业相 比，我们可能会销售更多的蔬菜、更多的牛奶、更多的沙拉以及更多的苹果他说道。（46)但是加利福尼亚州的 一个小镇最近提出一项议案，即禁止麦当劳在其高热量的“快乐套餐”中附赠玩具，因为立法者们认为这会引诱孩 子们去吃不健康的食物，这表明还有更多事情等着快餐企业去做。
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (仓!J 新）• Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made 
in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. ‘‘ We probably sell more vegetables，more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world，” he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie “ Happy Meals ”，because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
、齡详解该段说明在快餐业进行创新和改良的大环境下，麦当劳也对其食品进行了改良，提供了更多健康食 品，但是高热量食品仍然存在'，为促销其儿童“快乐套餐”，麦当劳会在卖套餐的同时附赠玩具，立法者认为这种 做法会引诱孩子吃不健康的食物，因此提议立法禁止该行为。题干是对这句话的同义转述，故答案为K)。
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s， whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
:、§详解定位句指出，当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出吗应时，还面临着来自监管部门更 多的压力，快餐业已经学会去处理一些事情，也就是这些压力，但是可能撑不了多久。题干是对定位句的概括， 故答案为A)。
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ” line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
箱详解定位句指出，星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖啡的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些 时候开始销售。题千即为该句的同义转述，故答案为〇)。('
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight o&eggfy (月巴胖症）. These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
擎详解定位句提到了快餐企业通过提供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，至少给人们留下了采 取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。题干中的provide healthy food to give the impression为原文中by providing healthy options...they have at least given the impression…的同义转述，故答案为 I)。
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consiimers need to cut spending, the logic goes, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such u trading down ^ proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
〔憂详解该段首先提出快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退，接下来进行分析解释。在经济衰退期，人们想要节 省开支，就倾向于购买便宜的食物，因此像巨无霸和皇堡这类便宜管饱的快餐对于想省钱的顾客就很有吸引 力。最后一句提到，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，快餐店客流量也变得兴旺，这一现象也从侧面说 明很多顾客为了省钱而去快餐店吃饭。题干中的save money是原文中cut spending的同义转述，题干则是对 这一段的概括，故答案为B)。
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession， while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer, an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast-food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and CarFs Jr. , have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
详解该段解释某些快餐企业不景气的原因。定位句指出，在经济衰退的严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转 向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。也就是说，减少了在外吃饭的次数。题干中的eat out less often是定位句中eat at home more frequently的同义转述，故答案为D)。
Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value. During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger King franchisees A ) sued the company over its
double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be required to sell these for $ 1 when they cost $ 1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu’’now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
详解该段首先指出一些快餐企业为了吸引顾客，不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。很多商 家采取了低价促销活动，但往往这些策略都是不奏效的。该段接下来举了汉堡王被特许经销商起诉的例子来 说明这个观点。题干是对定位段中观点和例子的总括，故答案为E)。 
having a greater range of things on the menu, <4we can sell to consumers products they want all day,says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
齡详解该段介绍了快餐店发展的另一个策略。快餐店要发展不仅需要推出新产品，还要寻找新市场。定位 句指出，许多商家看到了早餐市场的巨大商机，“早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。”这句引用 分析师萨拉•塞纳托尔的话明确指出快餐店通过卖早餐能赚很多钱。题干是对定位句的概括，故答案为H)t
Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to enfee (弓 1诱）consumers away from $ 1 specials. KFC，a division of Yum! Brands, which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut，has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $ 5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue (^ 烤）pork ribs at $ 7 for eight.
详解该段前二句指出，由于经济衰退，商家重新考虑销售策略以期提高收益。第三句对新策略进行了说 明:推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从i美元的特价商品中吸引回来。题干是对这三句话的整合，故答 案为F)。
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. u Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,’’says Mr. Palmer of UBS. Americans health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6%
—and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
_详解定位句指出，今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的 食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。题干中的a newly-passed law是对原文America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year 的概括，题干中的 big fast-food chains 是对 restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets的概括，故答案为J)。
Section
I Passage One |
〇全文翻译
(56)如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射，那你可能就错了。(57)本周《自然》杂志 的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。黑 瘤是最具侵犯性的皮趺癌。如果你拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛，或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患 此疾病，那么你将有相对较高的患病风险。如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见。U长期暴露于 阳光下，其他皮肤癌也越来越有可能发生丨1:_;
对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议——比起对于预防其他类型的皮肤癌，其证据更加乏力。.（58) 2011 年澳大利亚一项涉及1，621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜 的人群的一半。第二项研究则将1，167名患有黑瘤的人和1,101名未患这种癌症的人进行对比，发现日常使用防
晒霜，并且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性。这项研 究指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益。（59)此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年 所采取防晒措施的记忆，因此并不完全可靠。但是认为防晒霜给人们错误防晒意识似乎又是合理的。.
许多人使用防晒霜的方法也并不正确——用量不足、几小时后未能重新涂抹以及过长时间暴露于阳光下。 晒伤才是最令人担忧的问题——最近的一项研究显示，青少年时期五次晒伤的经历就足以增加所有皮肤癌的患 病风险。
好消息是，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显示的，综合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措 施能够降低黑瘤发病率。因此，如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜，并且扣上帽子。
B详解详析
 B)。苹读由题干中的 high-factor sunscreen 定位到首段第一句:If you think a high-factor SMnscrem
(防晒霜）keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.
解)推理判断题。文章开篇即指出，如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射， 那你可能就错了。由此可见，对于防晒霜能够保护皮肤不受伤害的这种误解是非常普遍的，因此，人们 5^于高指数防晒霜的普遍预期是它将保护人们不被太阳晒伤，故答案为B)。
睛）A) “它将延缓皮肤癌的发生”，本段第二句指出，一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜 能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生，因此排除;C) “它将保持他们的皮肤光滑 白皙”，文章并未提及，排除;D) “它对于任何肤色的人都会起作用”，本段第四句提到了浅色皮肤的人更 fig1洒伤，但是文章并未涉及防晒霜对于各种肤色人群的作用，因此排除。
 A)。（屋卑丨立；由题干中的 research in Mxtare 定位到首段第二句：Research in this week’s Atowre shows
that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas ( ) and delays their occurrence, it can^
prevent them.
(餐择櫥)事实细节题。文章首段第二句提到，本周《自然》杂志的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的 防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。由此可见,此项研究表明高指数 的防晒霜并不能有效阻止黑瘤的发生，故答案为A)。
睛：B) “它在强烈光照的情况下是无效的”，定位句并未提及光照强度与防_霜效果之间的关 系，因此排除;C)“它对于长时间暴露于阳光下无效”，本段第五句提到，如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的 阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见，但并未涉及防晒霜效果问题，因此排除;D) “它对于浅色皮肤的人无效”，本段 第四句提到，如果拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛,或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患此疾病， 将有相对较高的患黑瘤这种癌症的风险，这里提到了浅色皮肤的人属于黑瘤高发人群，也未将其与防晒 霜作用相联系，因此也排除。
 D)。（昼__里）由题干中的 the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people 定位到第二段第二句：A 2011
Australian study of 1，621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed.
(_毕解;推理判断题。文章第二段首句指出，对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议，第二句则 举说明，提到2011年澳大利亚一项涉及1,621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患 黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜的人群的一半。由此可知，根据此项研究,每天使用防晒霜的确能够降 低患黑瘤的几率,即坚持使用防晒霜是有一定效果的，故答案为D)。
(Ml睛）A)“防晒霜应该与其他防护措施同时使用”，本题的题干是我们能够从2011年澳大利亚一项 涉及1，621人的研究中获知什么，而此选项内容是下文提到的第二项研究的发现，不符合题意，因此排 除;B) “高危人群从防晒霜的使用中获益最多”，此项研究并未涉及防晒霜对于高危人群的作用,排除；
“防晒霜的无规律使用对女性来说弊大于利”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
C)。（，馨走位；由题干中的 the second Australian study 定位到第二段第五句：The study relied on people
remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so ifs not entirely reliable.
解丨推理判断题。该段第三、四句承接上文,介绍了澳大利亚的第二项相关研究，第五句则是作者 对研究过程与结果的主观评论，指出，由于此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年所采取防晒措施的回 忆，因此并不完全可靠。由此可见，此研究并不是基于对被研究对象的直接观察，故答案为C)。 (®l'i) A)“它误导人们依靠防晒霜作为防护”，根据该段第三、四句，此项研究发现，日常使用防晒 霜，i且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性， 还指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益，可见，这并不会对使用防晒霜的人们
造成误导，因此排除;B)“它帮助人们选择最有效的防晒霜”，此项研究并未提及防晒霜的选择问题，因 此排除;D)“它证实了澳大利亚第一项研究的结果”，根据该段第二句，第一项研究发现了防晒霜的有效 性，而第三、四句则指出.第二项研究的结论是防晒霜需要与其他防晒措施共同使用，且其他防晒措施可 能更@有效，可见第二项研究并非证实第一项研究的结果，因此排除。
60. A)。丨 _定位由题干中的 reduce melanoma rates 定位到第四段:The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates，as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (ft_h) sunscreen arid slap on a hat.
(Mf解1推理判断题。文章第四段第一句提到，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显 示的，i合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措施能够降低黑瘤发病率，第二句据此提出作者自己的观点和建议： 如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜,并且扣上帽子。也就是说，作者建议我们同时 使用防晒霜和衣服、帽子等其他防护措施，故答案为A)。
B)“尽可能躲在阴凉的地方”，文章第二段提及的第二项研究提到了躲在阴凉地方这种防护 措^，但是作者并未对此进行评论和推荐，因此排除;C) “使用遮挡的防护措施代替防晒霜”，根据文章 第四段，作者推荐综合使用各种防护措施，并未建议放弃使用防晒霜，因此排除;D) “使用适量的防晒 霜”，文章第三段介绍了许多人对防晒霜的错误使用方法，其中之一是用量不足，但这并非作者的建议内 容，因此排除。
Passage Two
全文翻译
在发达国家，与技术水平较低的人相比，受教育程度较高的人工作年限越来越长。年龄在62岁到74 岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中，而只拥有高中学历的人只有32%尚在工作。
这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收入富人与无技术低收入穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。迅速发展的 技术使高技术人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了无技术人群的收入。无论对于个人还是社会，其影响都颇为深远。
世界正在面临老龄人口数量惊人的增长，而他们将比以往任何时候都更长寿。在接下来的20年里，全球65 岁及以上的人口数量将几乎翻一番，从6亿增加至11亿。（63) 20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而 不是工作的卑份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的激增 将产生政府预算问题。
但是，工作中的年轻人与清闲的老年人之间出现严重分化的这一概念忽略了一个新的趋势，即不断增大的高 技术人群与无技术人群之间的差距。年轻的无技术人群的就业率下降，而老龄的高技术人群工作年份却越来越 长。这一分化在美国表现得最为严重，二战后生育高峰期出生的高学历美国人正一再推迟退休，而很多技术较低 的年轻人却被挤出劳动力市场。
政策是一方面的原因〇 (64)许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策。预期寿命的延长 以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工 作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。但是，工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用。对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在 大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高的收入，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效。 (65)技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变：作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都不会随着 年龄的增长而衰退。
e详解详析
61. B)。_定位 由题干中的 rich countries 定位到首段第一句:Across the rich world，well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.
事实细节题。文章开篇即指出，在发达国家’与技术水平较低的人相比,受教育程度较高的人 工作年限越来越长。由此可见，目前在发达国家的劳动力大军中，学历较高的人工作时间更长，故答案
为B)0 
(Jii睛A) “年轻人正在取代老年人”，根据本段第二句的介绍,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥 有^业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中,可见年轻人并未取代老年人，因此排除;C) “失业率 正在g年递增”和D) “没有大学学位的人找工作很困难”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
B) 〇 画*位J 由题干中的 deepen the divide 定位到首段第三、四句:This gap is part of a deepening divide
between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.
(Ht解事实细节题。文章首段第三句承接上文指出，这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收人富人与 无收人穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。第四句进一步分析了原因，即迅速发展的技术使高技术 人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了那些无技术人群的收入。由此可见，迅速发展的技术就是加剧贫富差距 的主要原因，故答案为B)。
(g_i睛A) “更长的预期寿命”，本段内容中并未提及预期寿命的相关内容，因此排除;〇“劳动人口 的次变化”，本段并未涉及劳动力结构的深层次变化问题，因此排除;D) “高学历人才数量的增加”， 本段第二句提到,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之 中，但并未指出高学历人才的数量较之前有所增加，因此也排除。
A) 〇 (jj运S 由题干中的 the experience of the 20th century 定位到第二段第三句:The experience of the
20th century, when greater longevity (^) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
(函巷解〕事实细节题。文章第二段第三句指出,20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而不是 工$高年份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这_一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的 激增将产生政府预算问题。由此可知，根据20世纪的经历，观察家们预测到的问题之一是经济增长将 减缓，故答案为A)。
OESS B) “政府预算将增加”，根据本段第兰句内容，观察家们预测到两个问题，一是经济增长减缓， 二是&府预算问题，并未说明预算会增加，因此排除;C) “更多人将努力接受高等教育”，文章中并未提 及观察家们对人们态度变化的预测，因此排除;D) “就业市场竞争将更加激烈”，文章中并未指出观察家 们对fA业市场变化的预测，因此也排除。
C)。考倍.由题干中的policy changes in European countries定位到第四段的第二、三句：Many
European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy ), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension
plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.
iEl|$事实细节题。文章第四段第二句和第三句提到，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽 早退的政策。预期寿命的延长以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替 代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。由此可知，政策的变化带来 的后果是甚至有钱人也不得不为了在退休后过上舒适的生活而延长工作年限，故答案为c)。
(gi睛A) “无技术的人可能选择尽早退休”，根据文章第四段第二句，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了 曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策，可见，人们可能都会因此而延长工作时间，因此排除;B) “更多的人不得不 接受在职培训”，文章中并未提及职业培训问题，因此排除;D) “人们可能会从养老金计划中获得慷慨的 固定福利”，根据第四段第三句，慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，可见 养老:§计划已经修改，早已不再像从前那样慷慨，因此排除。
D)。(H$§j 由题干中的 characteristic of work 定位到第四段第四至六句：But the changing nature of
work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift： the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
解推理判断题。文章第四段第四句提到,工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用，第五句进而对工 作性^的变化进行了分析，指出对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高 的收人，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效，第六句对上文进行了总结，得 出结论，技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变:作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，
都不会随着年龄的增长而衰退。由此可见,21世纪的工作特点是，比起年龄问题,经营管理技巧、创新 能力等技能将更加被看重，故答案为D)。
睛：A)“计算机将承担更复杂的工作”，文章第四段的末句提到从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都是 ginSt算机的补充的技能，因此更复杂的工作仍然是由人来承担的，而非计算机，故排除;B)“更多的工 作将由年轻的高学历人才承担”，根据文章第四段的内容，作者强调的是老龄高学历人群比上一代人工 作更有成效，因此相对于年轻人,年龄较长的高学历人才将更受欢迎，故排除;C) “大多数工作将是创造 性的”，文章末句提到创新能力可以作为计算机的补充，可见,除了创新性工作之外，仍有大量的其他工 作需要计算机完成，因此也排除。
©高频词汇及辑语 deepen [丨diipsn] v•加深，加剧 squeeze [skwiiz] v.压；榨 retirement [ri'taismant] n.退休 generous [^enaros] ac?/•慷慨的，大方的
Part IV Translation
g参考译文_、_
China is one of the most ancient civilizations across the world，from which many elements that construct the foundation of the modem world are derived. Now China has the worlds fastest growing economy and is experiencing a new industrial revolution. It has also launched an ambitious space exploration plan, including the building of a space station by 2020. Currently, being one of the largest exporters in the world, China is attracting massive foreign investment. Meanwhile, it has invested billions of dollars overseas as well. In 2011, China surpassed Japan, becoming the second largest economic entity in the world.
B难点注释
翻译第一句时需要注意，“……之一”的表述中，名词使用复数形式，“最古老的文明之一”可译为one of the most ancient civilizations 或 one of the oldest civilizations。
翻译第二句时，需要注意句子的主干为“元素起源于中国”，谓语动词“起源于”可译为be derived from或 originate from;定语“构成现代世界基础的”较长，可处理为定语从句来修饰先行词“元素”；“构成……基础” 可译为construct the foundation of或form the basis of。由于第一句和第二句均为简单句，都出现了“中国” 一词，翻译时既可以单独成句，也可以合二为一。本译文采用后者，将第一句作为主句,第二句处理为定语从 句，用介词+ which来引导，修饰第一句中的China，从而使译文更加简洁连贯。
翻译第三句时，需要注意该句主语为“中国”，句中有两个并列谓语“拥有”和“经历”。“拥有”表示的是客观事 实，可采用一般现在时，“正经历着”强调当前的情况，可采用现在进行时；“工业革命”可译为industrial revolution 〇
第四句中“太空探索计划”可直译为space exploration plan,也可意译为plan for exploring the outer space; “启动”可译为launch或start。
第五句和第M句结构相似，该句有两种译法。可以翻译为两个并列的简单句，也可以将“中国正在吸引大量外 国投资”译为主句,时态为现在进行时;“是世界最大的出口国之一”采用非谓语结构，译为being one of the largest exporters in the world,避免单调和重复0
第六句为简单句,“在海外投资”译为invest overseas, “数十亿”译为billions of。
翻译最后一句时应注意时态。该句表述的是过去的事实，应使用一般过去时。“超越”译为surpass;“成为”这 个短语有两种译法，可以将“超越”和“成为”处理为两个并列的动作，译为became the second largest economy in the world;也可以将“成为”处理为现在分词作状语，表示结果，译为becoming the second largest economic entity in the world 〇
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。未听先知选项中多次出现game和play chess,可以推测对话内容与下象棋有关。另外，从四个选 项的内容中可以推测，对话讲的应该是女士想放弃下象棋，男士给出建议或指导。
解本题的关键在于听懂反问句和反问的语调。女士说因为今天又输了，所以打算放弃下象棋。 男士没有正面回应，而是反问了两句：Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit? “仅仅是因为输
了吗？那能算是放弃的理由吗?”言外之意就是不该放弃。换句话说就是，男士建议女士继续下棋。故本 题答案为D)。
2. M: Do you know Sally’s new address? She’s got some mail here, and I’d like to forward it to her.
W： Well, we've not been in touch for quite a while. Let’s see. Mary should know it.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。馨1 2 3 4耒明^知_.选项中出现了 mail, address和contact等词，可以推测对话内容和邮件有关。由选项中的 玛丽和萨利两个人名可知对话盼内容涉及另外两个人，人物较多，听录音时应注意区分人物之间的关系， 做好标记;另外，选项A)以the man作主语，选项B)和D)以she作主语，可以推测该题会从女士的角度 提问^女士的话为听音重点。
:塵译解本题的关键在于听到细节“Maiy should know it. ”男士想把萨利的邮件转寄给她，问女士是否 知道她的地址。女士说自己很久没跟萨利联系了,但是结尾补充了一句：“玛丽应该知道地址。”故本题 答案为C)。
3. W： I missed classes this morning. Could you please lend me your notes?
M： My notes? YouVe never seen my handwriting, have you?
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。鼸未听先知选项中出现了 handwriting, notes和class等词，可以推测对话内容应该与上课做笔记有 关。另外，四个选项中，A)和B)以his开头，C)和D)以he为主语，可以推测该题会从男士的角度提问， 男士的话为听音重点。
M详解解题的关键是听懂反意疑问句。女士想要借男士的笔记看，男士没有正面回答，而是反问道： YouVe never seen my handwriting，have you? “你没看过我的笔迹，对吗?”言夕卜之意就是自己的笔迹难
.以辨认，不易读懂。故本题答案为B)。
4. M： Tm taking my girlfriend to the fancy new restaurant for her birthday tonight.
W ： I went there last weekend. I found it rather disappointing.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。S,未听先知四个选项中反复出现了 choose和restaurant等词，由此推测对话内容与选择饭店有关。 另外，选项A)和D)均是讲男士选择饭店，而选项B)和C)则出现了 dating和her，故可推测该题可能是 从女士的角度看待男士所选择的饭店，女士的话为听音重点。
201^6/10 丄纪
W ： Yes, I see. Well, Mr. Grand is not available just now.
M ： Can you tell me when I could reach him?
W ： HeJs very busy for the next few days. Then he5ll be away in New York. So ifs difficult to give you a time. M： Could I speak to someone else, perhaps?
W ： Who, in particular?

6月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套)
Part I                                                            Writing                (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on this kind of modem life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
THIS MODERN LIFE
                       WORK           HOME           PLAY       SLEEP
 

Part II                     Listening Comprehension            (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1.     A)   He is pleased to sit on the committee.
   B)   He is willing to offer the woman a hand.
   C)   He will tell the woman his decision later.
   D)    He would like to become a club member.
2.     A)   Their planned trip to Vancouver is obviously overpriced.
   B)   They should borrow a guide book instead of buying one.
    C)  The guide books in the library have the latest information.
   D)   The library can help order guide books about Vancouver.
3.    A)  He regrets having taken the history course.
B)  He finds little interest in the history books.
C)  He has trouble finishing his reading assignments.
D)   He has difficulty writing the weekly book report.
4.   A)  The man had better choose another restaurant.
B)  The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C)  The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D)  The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.   A) He has been looking forward to spring.                C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
B)  He has been waiting for the winter sale. D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.   A) At a tailor’s.                                                                    C)  In a clothes store.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                             D)  In a theatre.
7.   A) His guests favor Tibetan drinks.                            C) Mineral water is good for health.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                      D)  Plain water will serve the purpose.
8.  A) Report the result of a discussion.                            C) Submit an important document.
  B) Raise some environmental issues.                           D) Revise an environmental report. 
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.  A) They pollute the soil used to cover them.                         C) The rubbish in them takes long to dissolve.
B)  They are harmful to nearby neighborhoods.                      D) The gas they emit is extremely poisonous.
10.  A) Growing population.                                             C) Changed eating habits.
B)  Packaging materials.                                           D) Lower production cost.
11.  A) By saving energy.                                                    C) By reducing poisonous wastes.
B)  By using less aluminum.                                        D) By making the most of materials.
12.  A) We are running out of natural resources soon.
B) Only combined efforts can make a difference.
C) The waste problem will eventually hurt all of us
D) All of us can actually benefit from recycling.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13. A) Miami. B) Vancouver. C) Bellingham. D) Boston.
14. A) To get information on one-way tickets to Canada.
B) To inquire about the price of   “ Super Saver” seats.
C) To get advice on how to fly as cheaply as possible.
D) To inquire about the shortest route to drive home.
15.  A) Join a tourist group. C) Avoid trips in public holidays.
B) Choose a major airline. D) Book tickets as early as possible.
Section B 
Directions： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.   A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.   A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.   A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.   A) It shows you have been ignoring your health.
B) It can seriously affect your thinking process.
C) It is an early warning of some illness.
D) It is a symptom of too much pressure.
20.       A)  Reduce our workload.                                                              C) Use painkillers for relief.
             B)  Control our temper.                                                                 D) Avoid masking symptoms.
21.     A) Lying down and having some sleep.                                           C) Going out for a walk.
          B) Rubbing and pressing one’s back.                                               D) Listening to light music.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22.  A) Depending heavily on loans.                                                  C) Spending beyond one’s means.
      B) Having no budget plans at all.                                                 D) Leaving no room for large bills.
23.   A) Many of them can be cut.                                                     C) They eat up most of the family income.
       B) All of them have to be covered.                                             D) They eat up most of the family income.
24.   A) Rent a house instead of buying one.                                     C) Make a conservation plan.
       B) Discuss the problem in the family.                                        D) Move to a cheaper place.
25.   A) Financial issues plaguing a family.                                         C) Family budget problems and solutions.
       B) Difficulty in making both ends meet.                                       D) New ways to boost family income.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Perhaps because going to college is so much a part of the American dream, many people go for no    26   reason. Some go because their parents expect it, others because ifs what their friends are doing. Then, there’s the belief that a college degree will   27  ensure a good job and high pay.
Some students   28   through four years, attending classes, or skipping (逃课) them as the case may be, reading only what can’t be avoided, looking for less    29    courses, and never being touched or changed in any important way. For a few of these people, college provides no   30  , yet because of parental or peer pressure, they cannot voluntarily leave. They stop trying in the hope that their teachers will make the decision for them by    31    them.
To put it bluntly /(直截了当地）,unless you’re willing to make your college years count, you might be   32   doing something else. Not everyone should attend college, nor should everyone who does attend begin right after high school. Many college students   33  taking a year or so off. A year out in the world helps some people to   34   their priorities and goals. If you’re really going to get something out of going to college, you have to make it mean something, and to do that you must have some idea why you’re there, what you hope to get out of it, and   35   even what you hope to become.
PartⅢ                          Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Ifs our guilty pleasure： Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting   36   can lead to obesity/(肥胖症）and other diseases, researchers have now quantified just how   37   being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large    38   .published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the that for every two hours per day spent channel    39  , the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Journal of the  American Medical Asociation (糖尿病）rose 20% over 8. 5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a   40    , and the odds of dying prematurely     41   13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these    42    are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary (久坐的）activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially   43   at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of  hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to   44   them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn’t compare different sedentary activities to   45   whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
A) climbed  I) previously
B) consume  J) resume
C) decade  K) suffered
D) determine  L) surfing
E) effective  M) term
F) harmful  N) terminals
G) outcomes
H)  passively  O) twisting

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break
A. Imagine taking a college exam, and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few  weeks later, clicking the “send” button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let you rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.
B. EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的）software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
C. The new service will bring the educational consortium(联盟)into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
D. Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful teaching tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for grades. “There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback,” Dr. Agarwal said. “Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback.”
E. But skeptics (怀疑者) the automated system is no match for live teachers. One longtime critic , Les Perelman, has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
F. He is among a group of educators who last month began circulating a petition (呼吁) opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2,000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
G. “Let’s face the realities of automatic essay scoring,” the group’s statement reads in part. “Computers cannot ‘read’.  They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical ( 伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others.
H. But EdX expects its software to be adopted widely by schools and universities. It offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of California-Berkeley; this fall, it will add classes from Wellesley, Georgetown and the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers certificates for course completion and has said that it plans to continue to expand next year, including adding international schools.
I. The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or graders, to first grade 100 essays or essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical（数字的）rank.
J. EdX is not the first to use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states—Louisiana, North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia—are using some form of the technology in secondary schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some cases the software is used as a “second reader,” to check the reliability of the human graders.
K. But the growing influence of the EdX consortium to set standards is likely to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the automated assessment technology.
L. Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create “massive open online courses,” or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. “It allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so that lean turns into a game, with students naturally(吸引) toward resubmitting the work until they get it right,” said Daphne Roller, a computer scientist and a founder of Coursera.
M. Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett- Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers. More than 150 teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contests, Vik Paruchuri, was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.
N. “One of our focuses is to help kids learn how to think critically,” said Victor Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. “ It’s probably impossible to do that with multiple-choice tests. The challenge is that this requires human graders, and so they cost a  lot more and they take a lot more time. ”
O. Mark D. Shermis, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio, supervised the Hewlett Foundation’s contest on automated essay scoring and wrote a paper about the experiment. In his view, the technology—though imperfect—has a place in educational settings.
P. With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said. Plus, he noted, critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation’s best universities, where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.
Q. Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could,” Dr. Shermis said. “ There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world.”
66. Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
67. Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
68. The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
69. Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still   criticized by many educators.
70. Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
71. Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
72. Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
73. As class size grows, most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
74. The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
75. Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
Section C
Directions： There are 2 passages in this 'Section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
The endless debate about “work-life balance ’’ often contains a hopeful footnote about stay-at- home dads. If American society and business won5t make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children, there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full-time fathers will. But based on today’s socioeconomic trends, this hope is, unfortunately, misguided.
It’s true that the number of men who have left work to do their thing as full-time parents has doubled in a decade, but ifs still very small： only 0. 8% of married couples where the stay-at-home father was out of the labor force for a year. Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a downsizing. This is simply not a large enough group to reduce the social stigma(污名)and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision, even if only for a relatively short time.
Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult. A study found that 85% of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but a few, it’s a week or two at most. Meanwhile, the average for women who take leave is more than 10 weeks.
Such choices impact who moves up in the organization. While you’re away, someone else is doing your work, making your sales, taking care of your customers. That can’t help you at work. It can only hurt you. Women, of course, face the same issues of returning after a long absence. But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise families, returning from an extended parental leave doesn’t raise as many eyebrows as it does for men.
Women would make more if they didn't break their earning trajectory (轨迹）by leaving the workforce, or if higher-paying professions were more family-friendly. In the foreseeable future, stay- at-home fathers may make all the difference for individual families, but their presence won’t reduce the numbers of high-potential women who are forced to choose between family and career.
56. What gives women a ray of hope to achieve work-life balance?
A. More men taking an extended parental leave.
B. Peopled changing attitudes towards family.
C. More women entering business management.
D. The improvement of their socioeconomic status.
57. Why does the author say the hope for more full-time fathers is misguided?
A. Women are better at taking care of children.
B. Many men value work more than their family.
C. Their number is too small to make a difference.
D. Not many men have the chance to stay at home.
58. Why do few men take a long parental leave?
A. A long leave will have a negative impact on their career.
B. They just have too many responsibilities to fulfill at work.
C. The economic loss will be too much for their family to bear.
D. They are likely to get fired if absent from work for too long.
59. What is the most likely reaction to men returning from an extended parental leave?
A)   Jealousy. C) Admiration.
B)  Surprise. D) Sympathy.
60. What does the author say about high-potential women in the not-too-distant future?
A. They will benefit from the trend of more fathers staying at home.
B. They will find high-paying professions a bit more family-friendly.
C. They are unlikely to break their career trajectory to raise a family.
D. They will still face the difficult choice between career and children.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.
The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops :rice, wheat, com and soyabeans (大豆).They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.
There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.
Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in com and soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Com and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world. ”,
The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.
Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (回返）to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.
61. What does the author try to draw attention to?
A) Food riots and hunger in the world.   C) The decline of the grain yield growth.
B) News headlines in the leading media.  D) The food supply in populous countries.
62. Why does the author mention India and China in particular?
A. Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.
B. Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.
C. Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.
D. Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.
63. What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement efforts?
A. They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.
B. They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.
C. They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.
D. They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.
64. What does the Food and Agriculture Organisation say about world food production in the coming decades?
A. The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.
B. The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.
C. The "slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.
D. The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.
65. How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organisation?
A. It is built on the findings of a new study.
B. It is based on a doubtful assumption.
C. It is backed by strong evidence.
D. It is open to further discussion.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier services)将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞 争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此,快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
 
“Good news mom! I was accepted to the college of your choice.”
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on parents' role in their children’s growth. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A  
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) The woman is the manager’s secretary. C) The man is the manager’s business associate.
B) The man found himself in a wrong place. D) The woman was putting up a sign on the wall.
2. A) He needs more time for the report. C) He is sorry not to have helped the woman.
B) He needs help to interpret the data. D) He does not have sufficient data to go on.
3. A) A friend from New York. C) A postal delivery.
CI) A message from Tony. D) A change in the weather.
4. A) She is not available until the end of next week.
E) She is not a reliable source of information.
F) She does not like taking exams.
G) She does not like psychology.
5. A) He will help the woman carry the suitcase.
CI) The woman’s watch is twenty minutes fast.
CII) The woman shouldn’t make such a big fuss.
CIII) There is no need for the woman to be in a hurry.
6. A) Mary is not so easygoing as her. C) She finds it hard to get along with Mary.
E) Mary and she have a lot in common. D) She does not believe what her neighbors said.
7.      A)  At an information service. C) At a repair shop.
B) At a car wash point. D) At a dry cleaner’s
8.    A) The woman came to the concert at the man’s request.
B) The man is already fed up with playing the piano.
C) The piece of music the man played is very popular.
D) The man’s unique talents are the envy of many people.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.
B) He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.
C) He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago.
D) He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.
10.   A) He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.
B) He is eager to find a job with an increased salary.
C) He likes to work in a company close to home.
D) He would rather get a less demanding job.
11.   A) Sports. B) Travel.             C) Foreign languages.                D) Computer games.
12.      A)       When he is supposed to start work.
B) What  responsibilities he would  have.
C) When he will be informed about his application.
D) What career opportunities her company can offer.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She is pregnant. C) She has just finished her project.
B) She is over 50. D) She is a good saleswoman.
14. A) He takes good care of Lisa.                                                      C) He is good at business management.
B) He is the CEO of a  giant company. D) He works as a sales manager.
15.   A) It is in urgent need of further development.
B) It produces goods popular among local people.
C) It has been losing market share in recent years.
D) It is well positioned to compete with the giants.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) It is lined with tall trees. C) It has high buildings on both sides.
B) It was widened recently. D) It used to be dirty and disorderly. 
17.    A) They repaved it with rocks. C) They beautified it with plants.
B) They built public restrooms on it. D) They set up cooking facilities near it.
18.  A) What makes life enjoyable. C) What a community means.
B) How to work with tools. D) How to improve health.
19.  A)      They were obliged to fulfill the signed contract.
B) They were encouraged by the city officials, praise.
C) They wanted to prove they were as capable as boys.
D) They derived happiness from the constructive work.
Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
20.  A)     The majority of them think it less important than computers.
B) Many of them consider it boring and old-fashioned.
C) The majority of them find it interesting.
D) Few of them read more than ten books a year.
21.  A) Novels and stories. C) History and science books.
B) Mysteries and detective stories.                                                   D) Books on culture and tradition.
22.  A) Watching TV. C) Reading magazines.
B) Listening to music. D) Playing computer games.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
23.  A)       Advice on the purchase of cars.
B) Information about the new green-fuel vehicles.
C) Trends for the development of the motor car.
D) Solutions to global fuel shortage.
24.  A) Limited driving range. C) The short life of batteries.
B) Huge recharging expenses. D) The unaffordable high price.
25.     A)       They need to be further improved.
B) They can easily switch to natural gas.
C) They are more cost-effective than vehicles powered by solar energy.
D) They can match conventional motor cars in performance and safety.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
My favorite T. V. show?  “  The Twilight Zone.” I   26    like the episode called “ The Printer’s Devil. ” It’s about a newspaper editor who’s being    27   out of business by a big newspaper syndicate—you know, a group of papers   28    by the same people.
He’s about to   29    when he’s interrupted by an old man who says his name is Smith. The editor is not only offered $ 5,000 to pay off his newspapers     30    , but this Smith character also offers his services for free. It turns out that the guy operates the printing machine with amazing speed, and soon he’s turning out newspapers with    31   . The small paper is successful again. The editor is    32    at how quickly Smith gets his stories—only minutes after they happen—but soon he’s presented with a contract to sign. Mr. Smith, it seems, is really the devil! The editor is frightened by this news, but he is more frightened by the idea of losing his newspaper, so he agrees to sign. But soon Smith is    33    the news even before it happens—and ifs all terrible—one disaster after another. Anyway, there is a little more to tell, but I don’t want to    34    the story for you. I really like these old episodes of “The Twilight Zone” because the stories are fascinating. They are not realistic. But then again, in a way they are, because they deal with     35     .
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
As a teacher, you could bring the community into your classroom in many ways. The parents and grandparents of your students are resources and     36     for their children. They can be     37     teachers of their own traditions and histories. Immigrant parents could talk about their country of    38     and why they emigrated to the United States. Parents can be invited to talk about their jobs or a community project. Parents, of course, are not the only community resources. Employees at local businesses and staff at community agencies have    39     information  to share in classrooms.
Field trips provide another opportunity to know the community. Many students don’t have the opportunity to    40    concerts or visit museums or historical sites except through field trips. A school district should have   41    for selecting and conducting field trips. Families must be made    42    of field trips and give permission for their children to participate.
Through school projects, students can learn to be    43    in community projects ranging from planting trees to cleaning up a park to assisting elderly people. Students,    44    older ones, might conduct research on a community need that could lead to action by a city council or state government. Some schools require students to provide community service by    45    in a nursing home, child care center or government agency. These projects help students understand their responsibility to the larger community.
A) assets I) joining
B) attend J) naturally
C) aware K) observe
D) especially L) origin
E) excellent M) recruited
F) expensive N) up-to-date
G) guidelines
H) involved                     O) volunteering

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking
A) Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple, much has been said about him as a peerless business leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of　hit products that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
B) All true, but let’s think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let’s look at Mr. Jobs as a role model.
C) Above all, he is an innovator (创新者）. His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile software online. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion ： you can’t engineer innovation, but you can increase the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs’ career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit of improving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs, of course, has enjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economic progress—higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperous careers for individuals. And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovation game.
D) “ We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,” says John Kao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kao notes, are now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation. These include government financing for scientific research, national policies to support emerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds of Internet broadband service.
E) Yet what other nations typically lack, Mr. Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity, experimentation, risk-taking, and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls “ recombinant mash-ups ( 打碎重组 ),” like the iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category. “The culture of other countries doesn’t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies, as America does,” Mr. John Kao says.
F) Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to thriving in the modem economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real- life experience is often even more valuable.
G) An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He was fascinated by electronics as a child, building Heath kit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobs dropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak, an engineering wizard (奇才). Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997.
H) His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. “It’s often people like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrough ideas and insights,” says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute of Business Administration.
I) Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5000(创业者）and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co¬-authors are Jeff  Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovators Dilemma popularized the concept of (颠覆性的）innovation. ”
J) The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning, experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes the ceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. Hal Gregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas. Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.
K) “Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,” Mr. Gregersen says. “It’s a habit for them Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in the stock market, which they call an “innovation premium (溢价）.” It is calculated by estimating the share of a company’s value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovation premium tries to quantify(量化)investors’ bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation.
L) Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs’ first term with the company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Applet fortunes improved gradually at first, and improved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52 percent innovation premium since then.
M) There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could have reshaped industries beyond computing, as he has done in his second term at Apple, without the experience outside the company, especially at Pixar—the computer-animation (动画制作）studio that created a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as “Toy Story” and “Up.”
N) Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class at Stanford University in 2005. “It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me,” he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance (坚持）and will power. “Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick,” he said. “Don’t lose faith. ”
O) Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one’s choice of work and in one’s life. Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students. His advice was emphasized by the words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which he quoted Stay hungry. Stay foolish. ” “And, Mr. Jobs said, “I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
46. Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address.
47. Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple.
48. Steve Jobs once used computers to make movies that were commercial hits.
49. Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the raw materials for innovation.
50. Great innovators are good at connecting concepts from various academic fields.
51. Innovation is vital to driving economic progress.
52. America has a social environment that is particularly favorable to innovation.
53. Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.
54. Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for career success.
55. Applet fortunes suffered from an innovation discount during Jobs’ absence.
Section C
Directions ： There are 2 -passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation : Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue, “ many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems. ’’
The research references studies of peopled behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions： licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren5t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
56. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
57. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A)  They should be implemented effectively. C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
B)  They provide misleading information. D) They help people make rational choices.
58. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
59. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
60. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy (破产）protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency ( 自满)”that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.
Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate(企业的）culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.
61. What do we learn about Kodak?
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B) It is approaching its downfall.
C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D) It is playing the dominant role in the film market.
62. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?
A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
63. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?
A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.
B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck  in their glorious past.
64. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?
A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge.
65. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?
A)    Its blind faith in traditional photography. C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
B)  Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence. D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥,无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包,但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on the kid’s understanding of going to school. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II               Listening Comprehension                                    (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.  Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) He will give the woman some tips on the game.
B) The woman has good reason to quit the game.
C) He is willing to play chess with the woman.
D)The woman should go on playing chess.
2. A) The man can forward the mail to Mary.            C) Mary probably knows Sally’s new address.
B) She can call Mary to take care of the mail.              D) She would like to resume contact with Sally.
3. A) His handwriting has a unique style.                            C) He did not attend today’s class.
B) His notes are not easy to read.                                   D) He is very pleased to be able to help.
4. A) The man had better choose another restaurant.
B) The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C) The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D) The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.     A) He has been looking forward to spring.                        C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
        B) He has been waiting for the winter sale.                      D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.     A) The woman is rather forgetful.                                      C) The man often lends books to the woman.
        B) The man appreciates the woman’s help.                        D) The woman often works overtime at weekends.
7.     A) Go to work on foot. C) Start work earlier than usual.
B) Take a sightseeing trip. D) Take a walk when the weather is nice.
8.     A) The plane is going to land at another airport.
B) All flights have been delayed due to bad weather.
C) Temporary closing has disturbed the airport’s operation.
D) The airport’s management is in real need of improvement.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) It specializes in safety from leaks.                                   C) It has a partnership with LCP.
B) It is headquartered in London.                                        D) It has a chemical processing plant.
10.    A) He is Mr. Grants friend.                                                  C) He is a salesman.
B) He is a safety inspector.                                                  D) He is a chemist.
11.    A) Director of the safety department.                                   C) Head of the personnel department.
B)  Mr.  Grand’s personal assistant.                                     D) The public relations officer.
12.    A) Wait for Mr. Grand to call back.
B) Leave a message for Mr. Grand.
C) Provide details of their products and services.
D) Send a comprehensive description of their work.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She learned playing the violin from a famous French musician.
B) She dreamed of working and living in a European country.
C) She read a lot about European musicians and their music.
D) She listened to recordings of many European orchestras.
14.    A) She began taking violin lessons as a small child.
B) She was a pupil of a famous European violinist.
C) She gave her first performance with her father.
D) She became a professional violinist at fifteen.
15.    A) It gave her a chance to explore the city. C) It was a great challenge to her.
B) It was the chance of a lifetime. D) It helped her learn classical French music.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D) . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.    A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.    A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.    A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.     A) Theft. B) Cheating.                                     C)   Air crash.    D) Road accidents.
20.    A) Learn the local customs.                           C) Book tickets well in advance.
B) Make hotel reservations.                           D) Have the right documents.
21.    A) Contact your agent.                                    C) Use official transport.
B) Get a lift if possible.                                    D) Have a friend meet you.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22     A) Cut down production cost.                                    C) Specialise in gold ornaments.
B) Sell inexpensive products.                                D) Refine the taste of his goods.
23     A) At a national press conference.                             C) During a local sales promotion campaign.
B) During a live television interview.                        D) At a meeting of top British businesspeople.
24     A) Insulted. B) Puzzled.            C) Distressed.            D) Discouraged.
25     A) The words of some businesspeople are just rubbish.
B) He who never learns from the past is bound to fail.
C) There should be a limit to one’s sense of humour.
D) He is not laughed at, that laughs at himself first.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. 、
Looking at the basic biological systems, the world is not doing very well. Yet economic indicators show the world is   26     . Despite a slow start at the beginning of the eighties, global economic output increased by more than a fifth during the   27   . The economy grew, trade increased, and millions of new jobs were created. How can biological indicators show the 28 of economic indicators?
The answer is that the economic indicators have a basic fault; they show no difference between resource uses that   29   progress and those uses that will hurt it. The main measure of economic progress is the gross national product (GNP). 30   , this totals the value of all goods and services produced and subtracts loss in value of factories and equipment. Developed a half-century ago, GNP helped    31   a common way among countries of measuring change in economic output. For some time, this seemed to work   32   well, but serious weaknesses are now appearing. As indicated earlier, GNP includes loss in value of factories and equipment, but it does not   33   the loss of natural resources, including nonrenewable resources such as oil or renewable resources such as forests.
This basic fault can produce a   34   sense of national economic health. According to GNP, for example, countries that overcut forests actually do better than those that preserve their forests. The trees cut down are counted as income but no subtraction is made for   35   the forests.
PartⅢ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The U. S. Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education. Today it is   36    the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiative will help states and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.
“All children are   37   to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family income. It is   38   important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full    39   ” U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite the excellent work and deep   40   of our nation’s teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high- minority schools are unfairly treated across our country. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will   41   their own creative solutions, but we must work together to   42   our focus on how to better recruit, support and   43    effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.”
Today’s announcement is another important step forward in improving access to a quality education, a   44   of President Obama’s year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the   45   of working in high-need schools and how to adopt promising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.
A) announcing I) distributing
B) beneficial J) enhance
C) challenges K) entitled
D) commitment L) potential
E) component M) properly
F) contests N) qualified
G) critically O) retain
H) develop 

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Changes Facing Fast Food
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s, whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consumers need to cut spending, the logic goes，cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such “trading down” proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
C) As a result, fast-food chains have weathered the recession better than their more expensive competitors. In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by more than 6% , but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains. In some markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased. Same-store sales in America at McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food company, did not decline throughout the downturn. Panera Bread, an American fast-food chain known for its fresh ingredients, performed well, too, because it offers higher-quality food at lower prices than restaurants.
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer，an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast- food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and Carl’s Jr.，have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
E) Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value.During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger franchisees(特许经营人)sued（起诉） the company over its double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be repuired to sell these for $1 when they cost $1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu” now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
F) Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to entice (引诱） consumers away from $1 specials. RFC, a division of Yum! Brands，which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue(烧烤）pork ribs at $7 for eight.
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ’’ line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
H)  As fast-food companies shift from “super size” to “more buys”，they need to keep customer traffic high throughout the day. Many see breakfast as a big opportunity, and not just for fatty food. McDonald’s will start selling porridge (粥）in America next year. Breakfast has the potential to be very profitable, says Sara Senatore of Bernstein, a research firm, because the margins can be high. Fast-food companies are also adding midday and late-night snacks, such as blended drinks and wraps. The idea is that by having a greater range of things on the menu, “we can sell to consumers products they want all day,” says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight obesity (肥胖症）.These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. “Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,” says Mr. Palmer of UBS. America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6% and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (创新). Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. “We probably sell more vegetables, more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world," he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie "Happy Meals”, because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
46. Some people propose laws be made to stop McDonald’s from attaching toys to its food specials for children.
47. Fast-food firms may not be able to cope with pressures from food regulation in the near future.
48. Burger King will start to sell Seattle’s Best coffee to increase sales.
49. Some fast-food firms provide healthy food to give the impression they are helping to tackle the obesity problem.
50. During the recession, many customers turned to fast food to save money.
51. Many people eat out less often to save money in times of recession.
52. During the recession, Burger King’s promotional strategy of offering low-priced items often proved ineffective.
53. Fast-food restaurants can make a lot of money by selling breakfast.
54. Many fast-food companies now expect to increase their revenue by introducing higher-priced items.
55. A newly-passed law asks big fast-food chains to specify the calorie count of what they serve on the menu.

Section d
Directions ： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A)，B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜) keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week^ Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑瘤）and delays their occurrence, it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas—the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn’t have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection—not sunscreen—seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it’s not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.
Many people also don’t use sunscreen properly—applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying—recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.
The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer,  it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (补上) sunscreen and slap on a hat.
56. What is peopled common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.           C) It will keep their skin smooth and fair.
B) It will protect them from sunburn. D) It will work for people of any skin color.
57. What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.
B) It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.
C) It is ineffective with long-term exposure.
D) It is ineffective for people with fair skin.
58. What do we learn from the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people?
A) Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.
B) High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.
C) Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.
D) Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.
59. What does the author say about the second Australian study?
A) It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.
B) It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.
C) It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.
D) It confirms the results of the first Australian study.
60. What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates?
A)  Using both covering up and sunscreen. C) Using covering up instead of sunscreen.
B ) Staying in the shade whenever possible. D) Applying the right amount of sunscreen.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62 - 74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.
The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double,  from 600 million to 1. 1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿）translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend,  the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.
Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
61. What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?
A) Younger people are replacing the elderly.
B) Well-educated people tend to work longer.
C) Unemployment rates are rising year after year.
D) People with no college degree do not easily find work.
62. What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor?
A) Longer life expectancies. C) Profound changes in the workforce.
B) A rapid technological advance. D) A growing number of the well-educated.
63. What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century?
A) Economic growth will slow down.
B) Government budgets will increase.
C) More people will try to pursue higher education.
D) There will be more competition in the job market.
64. What is the result of policy changes in European countries?
A) Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.
B) More people have to receive in-service training.
C) Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.
D) People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.
65. What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?
A) Computers will do more complicated work.
B) More will be taken by the educated young.
C) Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones.
D) Skills are highly valued regardless of age.
Part IY Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到 2020年建成一个太空站。目前,中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时,它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 
2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题答案与详解
(第1套）
Part I Writing
审题思路
这是一篇四级考试中常见的议论文。此次通过漫画所呈现出的话题phone (手机）是考生日常生活中熟悉 的话题，因此写起来并不难。考生应该将重点放在第二段阐述手机与日常学习的关系上。联系实际分析可知二 者关系为:手机为日常学习带来了便利条件，但不能完全取代校园学习。
©写作提纲
一、提出观点:手机在学习中虽然重要但并非必不可少(play an important but not indispensable role) 一、A、下观占fl.学生自身应具有很好的知识储备(have a good command of)
一m…我们的个人知识（personal knowledge)促进了手机的发展
1. 过度依赖手机弊大于利（over-dependence on phones does more harm than good) i_2.要平衡好手机与知识学习的关系（balance the relationship between phones and study)
'范文点评
高分范文 精彩点评
The Role of Phones in Study
① What the drawing vividly depicts is that a pupil asks his mother why he is going to school since his phone already knows everything. © The picture illustrates that some students are highly dependent on their phones, overlooking the importance of personal study.③ However, as far as I am ① 描述图片:孩子认为有手机就不需要去
上学了。
② 揭示漫画隐含的信息:很多学生过于依 赖手机。
③ 提出观点：手机在学习中虽然重要，但 并非必不可少。'
④ 承上启下，论证观点。
⑤ © 使用 in the first place ...，in the second place...从两个方面进行论证， 层次分明。
⑧针对上述论证，总结观点，提出建议。 P加分亮点
be highly dependent on…高度依赖 
overlook忽视，忽略 indispensable必不可少的
be supposed to …应该 
have a good command of …很好地掌 握……
at hand在手边
concerned, phones play an important but not indispensable role in students5 learning.
@ There is no denying that mobile phones have brought much convenience, but we are not supposed to rely on them too much in the process of study. ® In the first place, we shoxild have a good command of knowledge on our own to cope with various situations without phones at hand. © In the second place, it is our personal knowledge that promotes the development of phones. Without the basic education at school， phones would not be invented.
© All in all, over-dependence on phones does more harm than good. (8) Therefore, we should properly balance the relationship between phones and study. Only in this way can we benefit most from our learning process. 

□全文翻译
手机在学习中的作用
漫画生动地描述了一个小学生问他的母亲，既然他的手机已经无所不知，为什么还要去上学。这幅漫画揭示 了这样一个现象:一些学生高度依赖手机,而忽视了个人学习的重要性。'然而，我认为，手机在学生们的学习中虽 然重要但并非必不可少。
毫无疑问，手机给我们带来了很多便利，但是在学习过程中，我们不应该过度依赖手机。首先,我们自身应该 具有很好的知识储备以应对没有手机在手边时的各种情况。其次，正是我们的个人知识促进了手机的发展。如 果没有学校的基础教育，就没有手机的问世。
总而言之，过度依赖手机弊大于利。因此，我们应该合理地平衡手机与学习的关系。只有这样我们才能够从 学习过程中获得最大的收益。
縻拓展空间
主题词汇 句式拓展
make good use of 充分利用 L For a long time，many students have paid much attention to the
pay close attention to 密切关注  development in...，let alone the updating of…长期以来,许多学
be oblivious to 无视  生对……的发展十分关注，更不要说……的更新了。
extend…into…将 扩展到  2. With the increasing awareness of, more and more people
attach importance to 重视  choose to...instead of...随着人们 意识的提高，越来越多的人
be overwhelmed by 充满  选择……而不再……。
digital数字的，数码的 
text messages to编辑短信至  
virtual world虚拟世界 

Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
1. W： Fin going to give up playing chess. I lost again today.
M： Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit?
详解男士说今晚要带女朋友去新开的饭店过生日。女士说她上周去过，太让她失望了。从rather disappointing可以听出女士话语中强烈的否定意味，言外之意就是建议男士不要去这家饭店了，应该另
选一家。故本题答案为A)#/.
5. W： Winter is over at last. Time to put away my gloves and boots.
M： Fve been waiting for this for months.
Q: What does the man mean?
A) 。铴未听先知四个选项中三个都提到了季节，由此推测对话内容可能与季节有关。另外，四个选项都是
以he j|'•头，故n丨判断该题会从刃十的角度进行提问，5]十的话为听音S点。
详解女十说，冬天终十结束r,町以把手奁和靴收起来广：K十[[!丨应说为此他已经等了好几个月 广敁然刃十和女十一样II;常期待冬天的结束，也就是盼天的到来故本题答案为A)
6. W ： Thank you for bringing the books back.
M ： I thought you need them over the weekend. Many thanks for letting me use them.
Q ： What do we learn from the conversation?
B) 。（•未听先知四个选项中，A)和D)以the woman为主语，B)和C)以the man为主语，选项在内容上较
分散，可以推测该题并非针对男士或女士个人的话提问，而是考查对整个对话的理解，听音时应注意从全 局把握对话内容。
详解对话开头,女士对男士说，谢谢他把书送回来，由此可知应该是男士借了女士的书，故首先排除
C) 项;男士说，他认为女士周末会用到，而且感谢女士让他使用这些书，故本题选择B)。
7. W ： Are you working flexible hours?
M: No，I’m not. The weather today is so nice，so I decided to walk to work, arid that meant I had to leave an hour earlier than usual.
Q: What did the man decide to do?
A)。（I’丰听先知：选项中涉及work, on foot, trip和walk等词，可推测对话和步行上班或旅行相关。四个 选项词短语，由此可推断该题会对建议或计划进行提问，应特别注意和建议或计划相关的表述。 (MMi、女士问男士的工作时间是否可以变通，男士回答说，不能。但今天天气很好，他决定步行去上 班，所以必须比平常早一个小时出发。男士话语中有明显的表示计划的动词decided，其后的内容就是本 题的答案，故答案为AU T
8. W: Our plane has been circling for a long time. Why the delay?
M ： The airport was closed for a while this morning, and things are still not back to normal.
Q ： What does the man mean?
（听四个选项均涉及飞机和机场，而且都和机场存在的问题有关，故听音的重点为机场在哪方 面出现了问题營Jii女士问，飞机已经盘旋了很长时间，为什么会延迟。男回答说，机场早晨关闭了段时间，而且仍然没有恢复正常。由此可知，机场出现的问题是closed for a while,而选项C)中的temporary dosing正是该表述的同义转述，故本题答案为C)。
Conversation One
W ： Good Morning, this is TGC!
M： Good morning, Walter Bany here, calling from London. Could I speak to Mr. Grand, please?
W: Who’s calling, please?
M： Walter Barry, from London.
W： What is it about, please?
M： Well, (9) I understand that your company has a chemical processing plant. My own company LCP, Liquid Control Products, is a leader in safety from leaks in the field of chemical processing. (10) I’d like to speak to Mr. Grand to discuss ways in which we could help TGC to protect itself from such problems and save money at the same time.
M： A colleague, for example?
W ： (11) You are speaking to his personal assistant. I can deal with calls for Mr. Grand.
M ： Yes, well, could I ring him tomorrow?
W： No, Tin sorry. He won5t be free tomorrow. Listen, let me suggest something. (12) You send us details of your products and services, together with references from other companies. And then well contact you. M ： Yes, thafs very kind of you. I have your address.
W ： Very good, Mr. ... ?
M ： Barry. Walter Barry, from LCP in London.
W： Right, Mr. Barry. We look forward to hearing from you.
M ： Thank you, goodbye.
W： Bye.
—未听先知预览四道题各选项，由选项中出现的partnership，plant，salesman，chemist，director，assistant， department和products等词可以推测，本文和商业有关，可能涉及公司之间的合作或产品的推销。结合第10题 和第11题各选项，应注意对话中对人物身份的描述，结合第12题的选项可推测该对话可能是电话对话。
9. What do we learn about the woman’s company?
D)。由对话开头可知，男士在给女士打电话，女士问男士有什么事情，男士在说明来电目的前说，自 己了i到女士的公司有家化学加工厂，故D)为答案。，二
10. What do we learn about the man?
c)。解:对话中，男士先表明_己的身份，介绍了自己公司，说明了来电I的是想和格兰德先生讨论如 何条助TGC公司防止泄漏，同时节省开支的问题,实际上就是要推荐自己公司的产品，由此可推断男士 是一名销售员，故C)为答案。^
11. What is the womans position in her company?
解对话中，女士告知男士格兰德先生非常忙，没空与男士说话，男士想找其他人商谈，女士告诉 他，f也正和格兰德先生的私人助理说话，即女士就是格兰德先生的私人助理，故B)为答案q ^
12. What does the woman suggest the man do?
c) , _详解对话中，女士说letmesuggestsomething，|l丨此tJ丨知，其后就足女上对男上的建议，即为该题
的答案=对话中，女士建议男十将K公M'j产品和服务的详情以及其他公司的推荐倍一卯奇送过来，之后 会和男士联系，故C)为答案
Conversation Two
M： Miss Yamada, (13) did you ever think that you would find yourself living and working in the western world?
W： (13) N〇w not really, although IVe always listened to recordings of great orchestras from Europe.
M ： So you enjoyed classical music even when you were very young?
W ： Oh, yes. I was only a child.
M： You were bom in 1955. Is that right?
W： Yes, (14) I began violin lessons at school when I was 6.
M ： As young as that. Did you like it?
W ： Oh, yes. Very much.
M： When did you first play on your own? I mean, when did you give your first performance?
W ： I think I was 8... ? No, 9. I just had my birthday a week before, and my father had bought me a new violin.
I played a small piece at the school concert.
M ： Did you know then that you would become a professional violinist?
W: Yes，I think so. I er\joy playing the violin veiy much，and I didn’t mind practicing，sometimes three or four hours a day.
M： And when did you first come to Europe?
W: I was very lucky. When I was fifteen，I won a scholarship to a college in Paris. That was for a three-year course.
M ： How did your parents feel about that?
W ： I think they were pleased and worried at the same time. (15) It was the chance of a lifetime. But of course I would be thousands of miles from home. Anyway, I studied in Paris for three years and then went back to Tokyo.
^未听先知预览三道题各选项，由选项中出现的violin，musician, music，orchestras, violinist和 performance等可以推测，本对话与音乐有关，内容可能涉及女士成为小提琴演奏家的经历。结合各选项中出现 的人称代词均为she或her可知，三个问题都是从女士的角度提问，因此女士的话是听音时的重点。
13. What do we know about the woman before she went to Europe?
D) 〇 (瞬解' 男士问女士是否想过会在西方世界生活和工作，女士回答说没有，但是自己一直都听欧洲大
型管€乐队的唱片，由此可知女士在到欧洲之前听过很多欧洲管弦乐队的唱片，故D)是答案。
14. What does the woman say about her music experience?
A) 。_详解男士问女士是否很小就喜欢古典音乐，女士给出肯定回答，并说自己六岁就开始在学校学习
小¥秦，故A)为答案。
15. What does the woman say about her study in Paris?
B)  。解对话末尾，女士提到自己十五岁获得奖学金到巴黎留学，男士询问女士父母对此有何感受，女
士说她父母喜忧参半，因为这既是个千载难逢的机会，也意味着她要远离故乡。四个选项中只有B)与 原文相符，故为答案。
Section
Passage One I
What makes a person famous? This is a mystery that many people have carefully thought about. All kinds of myths surround the lives of well-known people. Most people are familiar with the works of William Shakespeare, one of the greatest English writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. (16) Yet how many know Shakespeare the person, the man behind the works? After centimes of research, scholars are still trying to discover Shakespeare^ personal history. It is not easily found in his writings. Authors of the time could not protect their works. An acting company, for example, could change a play if they wanted to. Nowadays, writers have copyrights that protect their work.
Many myths arose about Shakespeare. Some said he had no formal education. Others believed that he began his career by tending the horses of wealthy men. All of these myths are interesting，but are they true? Probably not. (17) Shakespeare^ father was a respected man in Stratford-on-Avon, a member of the town council. He sent young William to grammar school. Most people of Elizabethan times did not continue beyond grammar school ； so, Shakespeare did have, at least, an average education. (18) Some parts of Shakespeare’s life will always remain unknown. The Great London Fire of 1666 burned many important documents that could have been a source of clues. We will aMays be left with many questions and few facts.
_未听先知预览三道题各选项，选项中都含有he，his或him这些人称代词，再结合选项中多次出现的词汇 works, writer和sources等可以推测，短文可能与某位男作家相关。
16. What does the speaker say about William Shakespeare?
D) 。_解短文中作者先提出“有多少人了解莎士比亚本人”的问题，接着指出学者们经过几个世纪的研
究i后，仍然在不断探索他的个人史。由此可知，莎士比亚的个人史很少有人知道，故D)为答案。
17. What do we learn about Shakespeare^ father?
c)。： _序解:本题考查对莎士比亚父亲的了解，由于使用的人称代词都是he,会对听前预测造成一定的干 扰，在听录音时应注意将选项和短文内容进行匹配区别。文章中提到莎士比亚的父亲受人尊敬,是埃文 河畔斯特拉特福镇议会的一名成员，故C)为答案。
18. Why does the speaker say parts of Shakespeare^ life will remain a mystery?
B)。■详解文章中提到1666年伦敦的一场大火把很多東要文件烧毁了，而这衅本来可能是了解莎士比 亚的线索，因此莎十比亚的一部分生活将永远不为人所知，故B)为答案3
Passage Two
Wherever you go and for whatever reason，it’s important to be safe. (19) While the majority of people you will meet when travelling are sure to be friendly and welcoming, there are dangers—theft being the most common.
Just as in your home country, do not expect everyone you meet to be friendly and helpful. Ifs important to prepare for your trip in advance and to take precautions while you are travelling. (20) As you prepare for your trip, make sure you have the right paperwork. You don?t want to get to your destination only to find you have the wrong visa，or worse，that your passport isn’t valid any more. Also, make sure you travel with proper medical insurance, so that if you are sick or injured during your travels, you will be able to get treatment. If you want to drive while you are abroad, make sure you have an international driver^ license.
(21) When you get to your destination, use official transport. Always go to bus and taxi stands. Don’t accept rides from strangers who offer you a lift. If there is no meter in the taxi，agree on a price before you get in. If you prefer to stay in cheap hotels while travelling, make sure you can lock the door of your room from the inside. Finally, remember to smile. Ifs the friendliest and most sincere form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world!
■牵听先知预览三道题各选项，通过选项中出现的theft, cheating, air crash, road accidents, local customs, reservations, book tickets, documents, agent和transport等词，可以推测这篇短文谈论的是旅游出行的话题。
19. What is mentioned as a most common danger when people go travelling abroad?
A)^ _详解)短文开头部分提到，人们在外出旅游时遇到的大部分人都:蠢既友i好又热情的，但也会遇到很
多危而其中最为常见的就是盗窃，故A)为答案
20. What is the most important thing to do when you prepare for your trip abroad?
文中提到，在准备出国旅游时，—定要确保文件正确，谁都不想到了目的地却发现签证错误、 护照过期等情况。选项D)中的documents与文中的paperwork是同义转述，故D)为答案。
21. What does the speaker suggest you do when you arrive at your destination?
ci羊解丨文章最后给出建议:到达目的地后要选择乘坐正规的交通工具，故c)为答案。
Passage Three |
(25) The British are supposed to be famous for laughing at themselves, but even their sense of humour has a limit，as the British retailer Gerald Ratner found out to his cost. (22) When Ratner took over his father’s chain of 130 jeweliy shops in 1984, he introduced a very clear company policy. He decided that his shops should sell downmarket products at the lowest possible prices. It was a great success. The British public loved his cheap gold earrings and his tasteless silver ornaments. By 1991, RatnerJs company had 2,400 shops and it was worth over 680 million pounds. But in April of that year，Gerald Ratner made a big mistake. (23) At a big meeting of top British businesspeople, he showed up and explained the secret of his success. “People say 4 How can we sell our goods for such a low price?5 I say ' Because they are absolute rubbish. 5 His audience roared with laughter. But the British newspapers and the British public were not so amused. (24) People felt insulted and stayed away from Ratner’s shops. Sales fell and 6 months after his speech, Ratner^ share price had fallen by 42% . The following year, things got worse and Gerald Ratner was forced to resign. By the end of 1992, he lost his company, his career and his house. Even worse, 25,000 of his employees had lost their jobs. (25) It had been a very expensive joke.
_未听先知预览四道题各选项，结合选项中的production，products，ornaments，sales promotion， businesspeople, humour和laughs at等词可推断本文和做生意有关系，可能涉及做生意需要的幽默。
22. What did Gerald Ratner decide to do when he took over his father^ shops?
解$短文提到，拉特纳在1984年接管了父亲的珠宝连锁店后，决定以最低的价格卖出低档产品，选 项 B)中 sell inexpensive products 是原文 sell downmarket products 的同义转述，故 B)为答案。
23. On what occasion did Gerald Ratner explain the secret of his success?
D)=修详解短文明确提到，在一次英国上层商人会议上，拉特纳出席并解释了自己成功的秘密，故D)为
答案：
24. How did people feel when they learned of Gerald Ratner?s remarks?
A)。.详解短文提到，听到拉特纳的评论后，人们觉得受到了侮辱并远离拉特纳的商店，故A)为答案。
25. What does the story of Gerald Ratner suggest?
c)。- _详解>短文开头就点明了主题，提到英国人以自嘲闻名，但即使是对他们来说，幽默也应该有限度， 接Si文以拉特纳的故事为例说明这个主题，文末再次强调“这个玩笑的代价太大了 ”,以此首尾呼应， 告诉我们开玩笑要有度，故c)为答案I®
Section C
26. prospering。详解此处应该填人一个现在分词或形容词，作is的表语。prospering意为“繁荣的”。
27. decade。 .梟详解此处应该填人表示时间的名词，与前面的介词during搭配。decade意为“十年”。
28. opposite。详解此处应该填入名词。opposite意为“对立面”。
29.  sustain。聋详解此处应该填人动词原形作从句谓语，上文的先行词resource uses充当其主语。sustain
意为“保持，纟i¥”。
30. In simple terms。_连解此处应该填人副词或介词短语作状语。in simple terms意为“简言之”。
31. establish。f .详解此处应该填入动词原形，与其前面的help搭配，并且能和后面的way搭配。establish
意为“建立，设立”。
32.  reasonably。详解此处应该填入副词修饰well。reasonably意为“尚可，还可以”。
33. take into account 〇 (藥择解:此处应该填人动词原形或动词短语。 take into account意为“考虑，重视％
34. misleading。(■痒搌)此处应该填人形容词来修饰sensegmisleading意为“令人误解的’’ 7 _.
35. using up。〔馨洋解:此处应该填人动名词或动名词短语来作介词for的宾语，并和forests进行搭配。using
up意为“耗用光^
Part III Reading Comprehension
 
O全文麵译

美国教育部正在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。今天，它（36)宣布开始实施“为所有学 生提供优秀教育工作者”的活动方案。这一方案将帮助各州和各学区为那些有最迫切需要的学生提供优秀教育 工作者的支持。
“所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收入，都应（37)有权利接受高质量的教育。为教师和校长们提供帮助 学生发挥全部（39)潜力所需的支持是(38)至关重要的，”美国教育部部长阿恩•邓肯说。：“尽管我们国家的教师 和校长们工作出色且全情（40)投入，全国各地那些极为贫困及少数民族聚集的学校的学生仍然音到不公正的对 待。我们必须努力做到更好^地方官员和教育工作者都将（41)形成他们自己的创造性解决方案，但是我们必须 共同努力，（42)增强我们对于如何更好地为所有学生招募、支持和（43)留住优秀教师和校长的关注，特别是那些 最需要他们的孩子们。”
今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,是奥巴马总统行动年的一个（44)组成部分。今天 晚些时候，邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议，讨论有关在高需求的学校工 作面临的（45) _以及如何采取有前途的举措以支持在这些学校的教育工作者
'选项归类
名词：C) clMenges 挑战；D) commitment 投入，承诺；E) component 组成部分，部件；F) contests 比赛;
L) potential潜力，可能性
动词：A) announcing宣布,宣称;H) develop形成，发展;I) distributing分发,散布;J) enhance增强，提高;
K) entitled使(某人)有权利;0) retain留用
形容词：B) beneficial有利的，有益的;N) qualified胜任的，合格的
副词：G) critically很大程度上,极为重要地；M) properly合理地，正确地
8详解详析,
B) A) announcing。(HWM)动词辨析题i句首出现时间状语today，费格位于系动词is和名词短语the launch of…之间，因此空格处需要填人动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时。前一句提到，美国教育部正 在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。因此，空格处需要填人^个能够与名词launch构成 动宾搭配的动词，表示“宣布开始实施一项方案或活动由此确定announcing为本题答案，意思是“宣布”。. 备选词中，distributing意思是“分发，散布”，与此处文意不符，且无法与launch构成动宾搭配，故排除。
C)  K) entitled。动词辨析题。空格前面是系动词are,后面是介词to及其宾语,因此空格处需要填人 形容词作表语或者动词的被动语态，并与介词to搭配。上文提到,美国教育部今天宣布开始实施为所有学生 提供优秀教育工作者的活动方案，本句解释了实施此方案的原因，即所有孩子都应有权利接受高质量的教 育。因此，空格处需要填人一个表示‘¥有权利”或“有资格”的形容词，且能够与介词to搭配，备选形容词中只 有entitled同时符合这两项要求，由此确定其为本题答案。be entitled to意思是“有……资格”。备选词中， beneficial意思是“有利的，有益的”，与此处文意不符,排除;qualified意思是“有资格的”，但不能与介词to
搭配使用，因此也可以排除。
D) G) critically。（_详解副词辨析题。空格前面是系动词is，后面是形容词important,因此空格处需要填入 一个副词，用来修饰形容词important。上句提到，所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收人，都应有权利接 受高质量的教育，本句承接上句，表明为教师和校长们提供帮助学生发挥全部潜力所需支持的重要性。因 此，空格处需要填人一个表示“非常，相当，很”的副词，与important表达“至关重要”的意义，由此确定副词 critically为本题答案，意思是“很大程度上，极为重要地”。备选词中，properly意思是“合理地，正确地”，与 此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
E) L) potential。（gif解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词性物主代词their及形容词M1，因此空格处需要 填人一个名词。本句提到要为教师和校长们提供支持，而这些支持是为了帮助学生发挥其全部潜力。因此, 空格处需要填人一个能与动词reach相搭配的名词，且表达“潜力，能力”的意义，由此确定名词potential为 本题答案，意思是“潜力”。备选词中，challenges意思是“挑战'commitment意思是“投人，承诺”， component意思是“组成部分，部件” contests意思是“比赛”，均与此处文意不符，且不能与动词reach搭 配，可以排除。
4〇. D) commitment。i:_?i羊解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词deep,后面为介词of,因此空格处需要填人名 词。根据连词and可以判断，该名词与and前面的excellent work在意义上应该是并列的，且根据上下文，此 处要表达的意义是教师和校长们工作出色且努力。因此，空格处的名词表达的是“努力”或“投人”的意思，且 为不可数的抽象名词，备选词中只有commitment—词符合要求，由此确定其为本题答案。备选词中的 challenges和contests均为可数名词复数形式，可以排除;component意思是“组成部分，部件”，与此处文意 不符，且不能用deep进行修饰，可以排除;potential已经用过，直接排除。
H) develop。（解动词辨析题。空格前面为助动词will,后面为名词短语their own creative solutions, 因此空格处需要填人动词原形，与will构成一般将来时态，并与名词solutions构成动宾短语。solutions意 思是“解决方案”，因此填人的动词应该表达“想出，找到”或“研究出，制定出”的意义。由此可以确定，动词 develop为本题答案，意思是“形成”。备选词中，enhance意思是“增强，提高”，retain意思是“留用”，均不能 与solutions搭|^，且g此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
J) enhance。(动词辨析题。空格前面是动词短语work together•及动词不定式符号to,后面是名 词短语our focus，因此空格处需要填人动词原形，且与our focus构成动宾搭配。根据上下文,教育部长认为 我们必须共同努力增强对于某些问题的关注。因此，空格处填人的动词应该表达“增强，增加”的意义，由此 可以确定，动词enhance为本题答案，意思是“增强,提高”。备选词中，develop已经用过，直接排除;retain 意思是“留用”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
O) retain.。(||择解j动词辨析题。根据and前面的两个动词recruit和support及其形式可以判断,空格处 需要填人的是动词原形，且与recruit和support构成并列关系，recruit意思是“招募”，support意思是“支持， 配备”，宾语都是空格后的effective teachers and principals,由此可以确定，动词retain为本题答案。
 E) component。藝译)j名词辨析题。空格前面是不定冠词a,后面是介词of,因此空格处需要填人可数 名词的单数形式。前面讲到，今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,而介词of后面又提到 了奥巴马总统行动年，因此可以判断今天的公告内容是奥巴马总统行动年的行动内容之一，空格处应填入表 示“内容，组成部分”的名词。由此可以确定名词component为本题答案,意思是“组成部分”。备选词中， commitment和potential已经用过，直接排除；challenges和contests均为可数名词的复数形式，也可以 排除。
 C) challenges。痒解名词辨析题。空格前面是定冠词the,后面是介词of,因此空格处应填人名词形 式。本句介绍的是邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议内容，根据上下 文,在高需求的学校工作必将面临更多的挑战或困难。因此，空格处填人的名词可能表达“困难，问题”或“挑 战”的意义，由此可以判断，名词challenges为本题答案，意思是“挑战”。备选词中，commitment，potential 和component均用过，直接排除;contests意思是“比赛”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
Section
□全文翻译
快餐业面临的改变
A)快餐业不得不成为一个厚着脸皮生存的群体。健康专家因其向人们兜售令人肥胖的食品而不断对其进 行猛烈抨击。评论家们甚至抱怨说商标代表超高热量的麦当_劳不应该获准赞助世界杯。（47)这些是快餐业已 经学会去处理的一些事情。但是，可能撑不了多久。当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出回应时， 
还面临着来自监管部门更多的压力。
快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退逻辑上，当消费者要削减开支时，巨无霸和皇堡等便宜的食物 会变得更有吸引力。在最近的经济衰退中，当快餐商家留住了那些在休闲餐馆也付不起钱的消费者时，这样的 “降级消费”得以证明。在美国，这个快餐的发源地，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，例如推出1美元菜 单和便宜的什锦饭，快餐店客流也变得兴旺起来。
结果，快餐连锁企业比那些贵一点的同行们更好地度过了这次经济危机。在2009年美国提供全方位服 务的餐馆的营业额与以前同期相比有超过6%的降幅，但是快餐连锁企业的营业额却依然保持不变。其他国家的 市场，如曰本、法国和英国，在快餐上的整体消费呈增长态势。在美国同行业的营业额中，世界上最大的快餐企业 麦当劳在没有下滑的情况下度过了经济衰退期。以其新鲜原料闻名的美国快餐连锁店帕尼罗面包同样表现良 好，因为它以比饭店低廉的价格提供了更高质量的食品。
但并非所有的快餐企业都如此幸运。诸如汉堡王等许多企业的营业额就有所下滑。（51)在经济衰退的 严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。瑞士联合银行的分析师大 卫.帕尔曼表示，在美国，一些小型的快餐连锁店，如玩偶匣和卡乐星，在这次经济衰退中受到了特别严重的冲 击，因为它们要与麦当劳这样的全球性快餐巨头进行竞争。去年，在其他企业都减少广告投入的情况下，麦当劳 在广告宣传上的投入却增加了 7%多。
—些快餐企业还不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。（52)在经济衰退期间，很多商家采取 低价策略，他们期望一旦吸引顾客进门，就能够劝说他们购买梢贵的产品。但在多数情况下，这种策略并不^ 效。去年，汉堡王的特许经销商就因为双层奶酪汉堡的促销活动而起诉该公司，声称以1美元出售这些成本价^ 1.10美元的产品对他们来说是不公平的。五月份法官裁决表示支持汉堡王。尽管如此，这家公司可能还是要咒 骂其做出的促销便宜菜品而不是更高价菜品的决定，因为这些“实惠菜单”上的菜品在销售总额中所占的比例从 去年10月的12%上升到了现在的20% ^
(54)分析人士对今年快餐业的适度增长有所期待。但是衰退的形势促使商家重新考虑他们的策略。现 在许多商家推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从1美元的特价商品中吸引回来。拥有塔可钟和必胜客的百 胜餐饮集团的旗下品牌肯德基已经推出了一款售价约5美元的鸡肉三明治。五月份汉堡王推出了 7美元八个的 烤猪排。
许多快餐企业也试图让消费者购买包括饮料在内的更多新产品。麦当劳开始销售更优质的咖啡作为对 星巴克的挑战。它的“麦克咖啡”系列在美国本土的销售量约占6%。（48)星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖 的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些时候开始销售。
因为销售策略从“大尺寸”向“更多买家”转变，快餐商家需要维持一天的高客流量。(53)许多商家看到 了早餐市场的巨大商机，而不是仅仅出售高脂肪的食物。麦当劳明年将在美国销售粥类食物。伯恩斯坦调查公 司的分析师莎拉•塞纳托尔表示，早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。快餐商家也在增加中午和 夜晚小吃的种类，例如混合型饮料及包装食品。其想法是，通过在菜单上涵盖更广的范围，“我们可以卖给消费者 他们一整天都需要的食物，”百胜集团首席财务官瑞克•卡如茨说道。
但是那些越长越粗的腰围怎么办呢？到目前为止，快餐企业已经聪明地避开了政府的监管。（49)通过提 供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，这些企业至少给人们留下了采取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。提供 的这些东西未必是亏本特卖品，因为它们增强了廉价食品店对食客群体，包括不想吃汉堡的人们的吸引力。但是 消费者不能被强制点沙拉来代替薯条。
在未来，简单提供一些健康的可供选择的食品可能是不够的。“每一个我所了解的包装食品和餐馆企业 现在都在关心法律规定，”瑞银集团的帕尔曼先生表示。（55)今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家 及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。一项由美国国家经济研究局开展的对2007 年在纽约推出的相似热量张贴法案对星巴克的影响跟踪调查发现,在旁边有唐恩都乐连锁店的情况下，星巴克每 次交易中的平均热量值减少了 6% ,而收益增长了 3% ■——也就是说，这些菜单标签有助于这些连锁企业提供更 健康的菜品。
为了避免与美国和其他地方的法规起冲突，快餐企业将不得不继续创新。麦当劳的沃特■瑞克宣称其公 司已经对菜单进行了改良，这意味着麦当劳与几年前相比会提供更多健康的食品。“与世界上的其他餐饮企业相 比，我们可能会销售更多的蔬菜、更多的牛奶、更多的沙拉以及更多的苹果他说道。（46)但是加利福尼亚州的 一个小镇最近提出一项议案，即禁止麦当劳在其高热量的“快乐套餐”中附赠玩具，因为立法者们认为这会引诱孩 子们去吃不健康的食物，这表明还有更多事情等着快餐企业去做。
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (仓!J 新）• Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made 
in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. ‘‘ We probably sell more vegetables，more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world，” he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie “ Happy Meals ”，because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
、齡详解该段说明在快餐业进行创新和改良的大环境下，麦当劳也对其食品进行了改良，提供了更多健康食 品，但是高热量食品仍然存在'，为促销其儿童“快乐套餐”，麦当劳会在卖套餐的同时附赠玩具，立法者认为这种 做法会引诱孩子吃不健康的食物，因此提议立法禁止该行为。题干是对这句话的同义转述，故答案为K)。
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s， whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
:、§详解定位句指出，当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出吗应时，还面临着来自监管部门更 多的压力，快餐业已经学会去处理一些事情，也就是这些压力，但是可能撑不了多久。题干是对定位句的概括， 故答案为A)。
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ” line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
箱详解定位句指出，星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖啡的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些 时候开始销售。题千即为该句的同义转述，故答案为〇)。('
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight o&eggfy (月巴胖症）. These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
擎详解定位句提到了快餐企业通过提供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，至少给人们留下了采 取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。题干中的provide healthy food to give the impression为原文中by providing healthy options...they have at least given the impression…的同义转述，故答案为 I)。
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consiimers need to cut spending, the logic goes, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such u trading down ^ proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
〔憂详解该段首先提出快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退，接下来进行分析解释。在经济衰退期，人们想要节 省开支，就倾向于购买便宜的食物，因此像巨无霸和皇堡这类便宜管饱的快餐对于想省钱的顾客就很有吸引 力。最后一句提到，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，快餐店客流量也变得兴旺，这一现象也从侧面说 明很多顾客为了省钱而去快餐店吃饭。题干中的save money是原文中cut spending的同义转述，题干则是对 这一段的概括，故答案为B)。
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession， while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer, an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast-food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and CarFs Jr. , have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
详解该段解释某些快餐企业不景气的原因。定位句指出，在经济衰退的严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转 向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。也就是说，减少了在外吃饭的次数。题干中的eat out less often是定位句中eat at home more frequently的同义转述，故答案为D)。
Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value. During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger King franchisees A ) sued the company over its
double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be required to sell these for $ 1 when they cost $ 1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu’’now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
详解该段首先指出一些快餐企业为了吸引顾客，不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。很多商 家采取了低价促销活动，但往往这些策略都是不奏效的。该段接下来举了汉堡王被特许经销商起诉的例子来 说明这个观点。题干是对定位段中观点和例子的总括，故答案为E)。 
having a greater range of things on the menu, <4we can sell to consumers products they want all day,says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
齡详解该段介绍了快餐店发展的另一个策略。快餐店要发展不仅需要推出新产品，还要寻找新市场。定位 句指出，许多商家看到了早餐市场的巨大商机，“早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。”这句引用 分析师萨拉•塞纳托尔的话明确指出快餐店通过卖早餐能赚很多钱。题干是对定位句的概括，故答案为H)t
Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to enfee (弓 1诱）consumers away from $ 1 specials. KFC，a division of Yum! Brands, which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut，has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $ 5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue (^ 烤）pork ribs at $ 7 for eight.
详解该段前二句指出，由于经济衰退，商家重新考虑销售策略以期提高收益。第三句对新策略进行了说 明:推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从i美元的特价商品中吸引回来。题干是对这三句话的整合，故答 案为F)。
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. u Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,’’says Mr. Palmer of UBS. Americans health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6%
—and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
_详解定位句指出，今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的 食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。题干中的a newly-passed law是对原文America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year 的概括，题干中的 big fast-food chains 是对 restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets的概括，故答案为J)。
Section
I Passage One |
〇全文翻译
(56)如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射，那你可能就错了。(57)本周《自然》杂志 的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。黑 瘤是最具侵犯性的皮趺癌。如果你拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛，或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患 此疾病，那么你将有相对较高的患病风险。如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见。U长期暴露于 阳光下，其他皮肤癌也越来越有可能发生丨1:_;
对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议——比起对于预防其他类型的皮肤癌，其证据更加乏力。.（58) 2011 年澳大利亚一项涉及1，621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜 的人群的一半。第二项研究则将1，167名患有黑瘤的人和1,101名未患这种癌症的人进行对比，发现日常使用防
晒霜，并且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性。这项研 究指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益。（59)此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年 所采取防晒措施的记忆，因此并不完全可靠。但是认为防晒霜给人们错误防晒意识似乎又是合理的。.
许多人使用防晒霜的方法也并不正确——用量不足、几小时后未能重新涂抹以及过长时间暴露于阳光下。 晒伤才是最令人担忧的问题——最近的一项研究显示，青少年时期五次晒伤的经历就足以增加所有皮肤癌的患 病风险。
好消息是，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显示的，综合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措 施能够降低黑瘤发病率。因此，如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜，并且扣上帽子。
B详解详析
 B)。苹读由题干中的 high-factor sunscreen 定位到首段第一句:If you think a high-factor SMnscrem
(防晒霜）keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.
解)推理判断题。文章开篇即指出，如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射， 那你可能就错了。由此可见，对于防晒霜能够保护皮肤不受伤害的这种误解是非常普遍的，因此，人们 5^于高指数防晒霜的普遍预期是它将保护人们不被太阳晒伤，故答案为B)。
睛）A) “它将延缓皮肤癌的发生”，本段第二句指出，一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜 能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生，因此排除;C) “它将保持他们的皮肤光滑 白皙”，文章并未提及，排除;D) “它对于任何肤色的人都会起作用”，本段第四句提到了浅色皮肤的人更 fig1洒伤，但是文章并未涉及防晒霜对于各种肤色人群的作用，因此排除。
 A)。（屋卑丨立；由题干中的 research in Mxtare 定位到首段第二句：Research in this week’s Atowre shows
that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas ( ) and delays their occurrence, it can^
prevent them.
(餐择櫥)事实细节题。文章首段第二句提到，本周《自然》杂志的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的 防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。由此可见,此项研究表明高指数 的防晒霜并不能有效阻止黑瘤的发生，故答案为A)。
睛：B) “它在强烈光照的情况下是无效的”，定位句并未提及光照强度与防_霜效果之间的关 系，因此排除;C)“它对于长时间暴露于阳光下无效”，本段第五句提到，如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的 阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见，但并未涉及防晒霜效果问题，因此排除;D) “它对于浅色皮肤的人无效”，本段 第四句提到，如果拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛,或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患此疾病， 将有相对较高的患黑瘤这种癌症的风险，这里提到了浅色皮肤的人属于黑瘤高发人群，也未将其与防晒 霜作用相联系，因此也排除。
 D)。（昼__里）由题干中的 the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people 定位到第二段第二句：A 2011
Australian study of 1，621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed.
(_毕解;推理判断题。文章第二段首句指出，对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议，第二句则 举说明，提到2011年澳大利亚一项涉及1,621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患 黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜的人群的一半。由此可知，根据此项研究,每天使用防晒霜的确能够降 低患黑瘤的几率,即坚持使用防晒霜是有一定效果的，故答案为D)。
(Ml睛）A)“防晒霜应该与其他防护措施同时使用”，本题的题干是我们能够从2011年澳大利亚一项 涉及1，621人的研究中获知什么，而此选项内容是下文提到的第二项研究的发现，不符合题意，因此排 除;B) “高危人群从防晒霜的使用中获益最多”，此项研究并未涉及防晒霜对于高危人群的作用,排除；
“防晒霜的无规律使用对女性来说弊大于利”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
C)。（，馨走位；由题干中的 the second Australian study 定位到第二段第五句：The study relied on people
remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so ifs not entirely reliable.
解丨推理判断题。该段第三、四句承接上文,介绍了澳大利亚的第二项相关研究，第五句则是作者 对研究过程与结果的主观评论，指出，由于此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年所采取防晒措施的回 忆，因此并不完全可靠。由此可见，此研究并不是基于对被研究对象的直接观察，故答案为C)。 (®l'i) A)“它误导人们依靠防晒霜作为防护”，根据该段第三、四句，此项研究发现，日常使用防晒 霜，i且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性， 还指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益，可见，这并不会对使用防晒霜的人们
造成误导，因此排除;B)“它帮助人们选择最有效的防晒霜”，此项研究并未提及防晒霜的选择问题，因 此排除;D)“它证实了澳大利亚第一项研究的结果”，根据该段第二句，第一项研究发现了防晒霜的有效 性，而第三、四句则指出.第二项研究的结论是防晒霜需要与其他防晒措施共同使用，且其他防晒措施可 能更@有效，可见第二项研究并非证实第一项研究的结果，因此排除。
60. A)。丨 _定位由题干中的 reduce melanoma rates 定位到第四段:The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates，as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (ft_h) sunscreen arid slap on a hat.
(Mf解1推理判断题。文章第四段第一句提到，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显 示的，i合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措施能够降低黑瘤发病率，第二句据此提出作者自己的观点和建议： 如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜,并且扣上帽子。也就是说，作者建议我们同时 使用防晒霜和衣服、帽子等其他防护措施，故答案为A)。
B)“尽可能躲在阴凉的地方”，文章第二段提及的第二项研究提到了躲在阴凉地方这种防护 措^，但是作者并未对此进行评论和推荐，因此排除;C) “使用遮挡的防护措施代替防晒霜”，根据文章 第四段，作者推荐综合使用各种防护措施，并未建议放弃使用防晒霜，因此排除;D) “使用适量的防晒 霜”，文章第三段介绍了许多人对防晒霜的错误使用方法，其中之一是用量不足，但这并非作者的建议内 容，因此排除。
Passage Two
全文翻译
在发达国家，与技术水平较低的人相比，受教育程度较高的人工作年限越来越长。年龄在62岁到74 岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中，而只拥有高中学历的人只有32%尚在工作。
这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收入富人与无技术低收入穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。迅速发展的 技术使高技术人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了无技术人群的收入。无论对于个人还是社会，其影响都颇为深远。
世界正在面临老龄人口数量惊人的增长，而他们将比以往任何时候都更长寿。在接下来的20年里，全球65 岁及以上的人口数量将几乎翻一番，从6亿增加至11亿。（63) 20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而 不是工作的卑份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的激增 将产生政府预算问题。
但是，工作中的年轻人与清闲的老年人之间出现严重分化的这一概念忽略了一个新的趋势，即不断增大的高 技术人群与无技术人群之间的差距。年轻的无技术人群的就业率下降，而老龄的高技术人群工作年份却越来越 长。这一分化在美国表现得最为严重，二战后生育高峰期出生的高学历美国人正一再推迟退休，而很多技术较低 的年轻人却被挤出劳动力市场。
政策是一方面的原因〇 (64)许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策。预期寿命的延长 以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工 作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。但是，工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用。对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在 大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高的收入，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效。 (65)技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变：作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都不会随着 年龄的增长而衰退。
e详解详析
61. B)。_定位 由题干中的 rich countries 定位到首段第一句:Across the rich world，well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.
事实细节题。文章开篇即指出，在发达国家’与技术水平较低的人相比,受教育程度较高的人 工作年限越来越长。由此可见，目前在发达国家的劳动力大军中，学历较高的人工作时间更长，故答案
为B)0 
(Jii睛A) “年轻人正在取代老年人”，根据本段第二句的介绍,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥 有^业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中,可见年轻人并未取代老年人，因此排除;C) “失业率 正在g年递增”和D) “没有大学学位的人找工作很困难”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
B) 〇 画*位J 由题干中的 deepen the divide 定位到首段第三、四句:This gap is part of a deepening divide
between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.
(Ht解事实细节题。文章首段第三句承接上文指出，这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收人富人与 无收人穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。第四句进一步分析了原因，即迅速发展的技术使高技术 人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了那些无技术人群的收入。由此可见，迅速发展的技术就是加剧贫富差距 的主要原因，故答案为B)。
(g_i睛A) “更长的预期寿命”，本段内容中并未提及预期寿命的相关内容，因此排除;〇“劳动人口 的次变化”，本段并未涉及劳动力结构的深层次变化问题，因此排除;D) “高学历人才数量的增加”， 本段第二句提到,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之 中，但并未指出高学历人才的数量较之前有所增加，因此也排除。
A) 〇 (jj运S 由题干中的 the experience of the 20th century 定位到第二段第三句:The experience of the
20th century, when greater longevity (^) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
(函巷解〕事实细节题。文章第二段第三句指出,20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而不是 工$高年份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这_一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的 激增将产生政府预算问题。由此可知，根据20世纪的经历，观察家们预测到的问题之一是经济增长将 减缓，故答案为A)。
OESS B) “政府预算将增加”，根据本段第兰句内容，观察家们预测到两个问题，一是经济增长减缓， 二是&府预算问题，并未说明预算会增加，因此排除;C) “更多人将努力接受高等教育”，文章中并未提 及观察家们对人们态度变化的预测，因此排除;D) “就业市场竞争将更加激烈”，文章中并未指出观察家 们对fA业市场变化的预测，因此也排除。
C)。考倍.由题干中的policy changes in European countries定位到第四段的第二、三句：Many
European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy ), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension
plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.
iEl|$事实细节题。文章第四段第二句和第三句提到，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽 早退的政策。预期寿命的延长以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替 代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。由此可知，政策的变化带来 的后果是甚至有钱人也不得不为了在退休后过上舒适的生活而延长工作年限，故答案为c)。
(gi睛A) “无技术的人可能选择尽早退休”，根据文章第四段第二句，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了 曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策，可见，人们可能都会因此而延长工作时间，因此排除;B) “更多的人不得不 接受在职培训”，文章中并未提及职业培训问题，因此排除;D) “人们可能会从养老金计划中获得慷慨的 固定福利”，根据第四段第三句，慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，可见 养老:§计划已经修改，早已不再像从前那样慷慨，因此排除。
D)。(H$§j 由题干中的 characteristic of work 定位到第四段第四至六句：But the changing nature of
work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift： the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
解推理判断题。文章第四段第四句提到,工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用，第五句进而对工 作性^的变化进行了分析，指出对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高 的收人，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效，第六句对上文进行了总结，得 出结论，技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变:作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，
都不会随着年龄的增长而衰退。由此可见,21世纪的工作特点是，比起年龄问题,经营管理技巧、创新 能力等技能将更加被看重，故答案为D)。
睛：A)“计算机将承担更复杂的工作”，文章第四段的末句提到从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都是 ginSt算机的补充的技能，因此更复杂的工作仍然是由人来承担的，而非计算机，故排除;B)“更多的工 作将由年轻的高学历人才承担”，根据文章第四段的内容，作者强调的是老龄高学历人群比上一代人工 作更有成效，因此相对于年轻人,年龄较长的高学历人才将更受欢迎，故排除;C) “大多数工作将是创造 性的”，文章末句提到创新能力可以作为计算机的补充，可见,除了创新性工作之外，仍有大量的其他工 作需要计算机完成，因此也排除。
©高频词汇及辑语 deepen [丨diipsn] v•加深，加剧 squeeze [skwiiz] v.压；榨 retirement [ri'taismant] n.退休 generous [^enaros] ac?/•慷慨的，大方的
Part IV Translation
g参考译文_、_
China is one of the most ancient civilizations across the world，from which many elements that construct the foundation of the modem world are derived. Now China has the worlds fastest growing economy and is experiencing a new industrial revolution. It has also launched an ambitious space exploration plan, including the building of a space station by 2020. Currently, being one of the largest exporters in the world, China is attracting massive foreign investment. Meanwhile, it has invested billions of dollars overseas as well. In 2011, China surpassed Japan, becoming the second largest economic entity in the world.
B难点注释
翻译第一句时需要注意，“……之一”的表述中，名词使用复数形式，“最古老的文明之一”可译为one of the most ancient civilizations 或 one of the oldest civilizations。
翻译第二句时，需要注意句子的主干为“元素起源于中国”，谓语动词“起源于”可译为be derived from或 originate from;定语“构成现代世界基础的”较长，可处理为定语从句来修饰先行词“元素”；“构成……基础” 可译为construct the foundation of或form the basis of。由于第一句和第二句均为简单句，都出现了“中国” 一词，翻译时既可以单独成句，也可以合二为一。本译文采用后者，将第一句作为主句,第二句处理为定语从 句，用介词+ which来引导，修饰第一句中的China，从而使译文更加简洁连贯。
翻译第三句时，需要注意该句主语为“中国”，句中有两个并列谓语“拥有”和“经历”。“拥有”表示的是客观事 实，可采用一般现在时，“正经历着”强调当前的情况，可采用现在进行时；“工业革命”可译为industrial revolution 〇
第四句中“太空探索计划”可直译为space exploration plan,也可意译为plan for exploring the outer space; “启动”可译为launch或start。
第五句和第M句结构相似，该句有两种译法。可以翻译为两个并列的简单句，也可以将“中国正在吸引大量外 国投资”译为主句,时态为现在进行时;“是世界最大的出口国之一”采用非谓语结构，译为being one of the largest exporters in the world,避免单调和重复0
第六句为简单句,“在海外投资”译为invest overseas, “数十亿”译为billions of。
翻译最后一句时应注意时态。该句表述的是过去的事实，应使用一般过去时。“超越”译为surpass;“成为”这 个短语有两种译法，可以将“超越”和“成为”处理为两个并列的动作，译为became the second largest economy in the world;也可以将“成为”处理为现在分词作状语，表示结果，译为becoming the second largest economic entity in the world 〇
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。未听先知选项中多次出现game和play chess,可以推测对话内容与下象棋有关。另外，从四个选 项的内容中可以推测，对话讲的应该是女士想放弃下象棋，男士给出建议或指导。
解本题的关键在于听懂反问句和反问的语调。女士说因为今天又输了，所以打算放弃下象棋。 男士没有正面回应，而是反问了两句：Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit? “仅仅是因为输
了吗？那能算是放弃的理由吗?”言外之意就是不该放弃。换句话说就是，男士建议女士继续下棋。故本 题答案为D)。
2. M: Do you know Sally’s new address? She’s got some mail here, and I’d like to forward it to her.
W： Well, we've not been in touch for quite a while. Let’s see. Mary should know it.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。馨1 2 3 4耒明^知_.选项中出现了 mail, address和contact等词，可以推测对话内容和邮件有关。由选项中的 玛丽和萨利两个人名可知对话盼内容涉及另外两个人，人物较多，听录音时应注意区分人物之间的关系， 做好标记;另外，选项A)以the man作主语，选项B)和D)以she作主语，可以推测该题会从女士的角度 提问^女士的话为听音重点。
:塵译解本题的关键在于听到细节“Maiy should know it. ”男士想把萨利的邮件转寄给她，问女士是否 知道她的地址。女士说自己很久没跟萨利联系了,但是结尾补充了一句：“玛丽应该知道地址。”故本题 答案为C)。
3. W： I missed classes this morning. Could you please lend me your notes?
M： My notes? YouVe never seen my handwriting, have you?
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。鼸未听先知选项中出现了 handwriting, notes和class等词，可以推测对话内容应该与上课做笔记有 关。另外，四个选项中，A)和B)以his开头，C)和D)以he为主语，可以推测该题会从男士的角度提问， 男士的话为听音重点。
M详解解题的关键是听懂反意疑问句。女士想要借男士的笔记看，男士没有正面回答，而是反问道： YouVe never seen my handwriting，have you? “你没看过我的笔迹，对吗?”言夕卜之意就是自己的笔迹难
.以辨认，不易读懂。故本题答案为B)。
4. M： Tm taking my girlfriend to the fancy new restaurant for her birthday tonight.
W ： I went there last weekend. I found it rather disappointing.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。S,未听先知四个选项中反复出现了 choose和restaurant等词，由此推测对话内容与选择饭店有关。 另外，选项A)和D)均是讲男士选择饭店，而选项B)和C)则出现了 dating和her，故可推测该题可能是 从女士的角度看待男士所选择的饭店，女士的话为听音重点。
201^6/10 丄纪
W ： Yes, I see. Well, Mr. Grand is not available just now.
M ： Can you tell me when I could reach him?
W ： HeJs very busy for the next few days. Then he5ll be away in New York. So ifs difficult to give you a time. M： Could I speak to someone else, perhaps?
W ： Who, in particular?

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套)
Part I                                                            Writing                (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on this kind of modem life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
THIS MODERN LIFE
                       WORK           HOME           PLAY       SLEEP
 

Part II                     Listening Comprehension            (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1.     A)   He is pleased to sit on the committee.
   B)   He is willing to offer the woman a hand.
   C)   He will tell the woman his decision later.
   D)    He would like to become a club member.
2.     A)   Their planned trip to Vancouver is obviously overpriced.
   B)   They should borrow a guide book instead of buying one.
    C)  The guide books in the library have the latest information.
   D)   The library can help order guide books about Vancouver.
3.    A)  He regrets having taken the history course.
B)  He finds little interest in the history books.
C)  He has trouble finishing his reading assignments.
D)   He has difficulty writing the weekly book report.
4.   A)  The man had better choose another restaurant.
B)  The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C)  The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D)  The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.   A) He has been looking forward to spring.                C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
B)  He has been waiting for the winter sale. D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.   A) At a tailor’s.                                                                    C)  In a clothes store.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                             D)  In a theatre.
7.   A) His guests favor Tibetan drinks.                            C) Mineral water is good for health.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                      D)  Plain water will serve the purpose.
8.  A) Report the result of a discussion.                            C) Submit an important document.
  B) Raise some environmental issues.                           D) Revise an environmental report. 
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.  A) They pollute the soil used to cover them.                         C) The rubbish in them takes long to dissolve.
B)  They are harmful to nearby neighborhoods.                      D) The gas they emit is extremely poisonous.
10.  A) Growing population.                                             C) Changed eating habits.
B)  Packaging materials.                                           D) Lower production cost.
11.  A) By saving energy.                                                    C) By reducing poisonous wastes.
B)  By using less aluminum.                                        D) By making the most of materials.
12.  A) We are running out of natural resources soon.
B) Only combined efforts can make a difference.
C) The waste problem will eventually hurt all of us
D) All of us can actually benefit from recycling.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13. A) Miami. B) Vancouver. C) Bellingham. D) Boston.
14. A) To get information on one-way tickets to Canada.
B) To inquire about the price of   “ Super Saver” seats.
C) To get advice on how to fly as cheaply as possible.
D) To inquire about the shortest route to drive home.
15.  A) Join a tourist group. C) Avoid trips in public holidays.
B) Choose a major airline. D) Book tickets as early as possible.
Section B 
Directions： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.   A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.   A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.   A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.   A) It shows you have been ignoring your health.
B) It can seriously affect your thinking process.
C) It is an early warning of some illness.
D) It is a symptom of too much pressure.
20.       A)  Reduce our workload.                                                              C) Use painkillers for relief.
             B)  Control our temper.                                                                 D) Avoid masking symptoms.
21.     A) Lying down and having some sleep.                                           C) Going out for a walk.
          B) Rubbing and pressing one’s back.                                               D) Listening to light music.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22.  A) Depending heavily on loans.                                                  C) Spending beyond one’s means.
      B) Having no budget plans at all.                                                 D) Leaving no room for large bills.
23.   A) Many of them can be cut.                                                     C) They eat up most of the family income.
       B) All of them have to be covered.                                             D) They eat up most of the family income.
24.   A) Rent a house instead of buying one.                                     C) Make a conservation plan.
       B) Discuss the problem in the family.                                        D) Move to a cheaper place.
25.   A) Financial issues plaguing a family.                                         C) Family budget problems and solutions.
       B) Difficulty in making both ends meet.                                       D) New ways to boost family income.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Perhaps because going to college is so much a part of the American dream, many people go for no    26   reason. Some go because their parents expect it, others because ifs what their friends are doing. Then, there’s the belief that a college degree will   27  ensure a good job and high pay.
Some students   28   through four years, attending classes, or skipping (逃课) them as the case may be, reading only what can’t be avoided, looking for less    29    courses, and never being touched or changed in any important way. For a few of these people, college provides no   30  , yet because of parental or peer pressure, they cannot voluntarily leave. They stop trying in the hope that their teachers will make the decision for them by    31    them.
To put it bluntly /(直截了当地）,unless you’re willing to make your college years count, you might be   32   doing something else. Not everyone should attend college, nor should everyone who does attend begin right after high school. Many college students   33  taking a year or so off. A year out in the world helps some people to   34   their priorities and goals. If you’re really going to get something out of going to college, you have to make it mean something, and to do that you must have some idea why you’re there, what you hope to get out of it, and   35   even what you hope to become.
PartⅢ                          Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Ifs our guilty pleasure： Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting   36   can lead to obesity/(肥胖症）and other diseases, researchers have now quantified just how   37   being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large    38   .published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the that for every two hours per day spent channel    39  , the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Journal of the  American Medical Asociation (糖尿病）rose 20% over 8. 5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a   40    , and the odds of dying prematurely     41   13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these    42    are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary (久坐的）activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially   43   at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of  hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to   44   them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn’t compare different sedentary activities to   45   whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
A) climbed  I) previously
B) consume  J) resume
C) decade  K) suffered
D) determine  L) surfing
E) effective  M) term
F) harmful  N) terminals
G) outcomes
H)  passively  O) twisting

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break
A. Imagine taking a college exam, and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few  weeks later, clicking the “send” button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let you rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.
B. EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的）software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
C. The new service will bring the educational consortium(联盟)into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
D. Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful teaching tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for grades. “There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback,” Dr. Agarwal said. “Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback.”
E. But skeptics (怀疑者) the automated system is no match for live teachers. One longtime critic , Les Perelman, has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
F. He is among a group of educators who last month began circulating a petition (呼吁) opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2,000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
G. “Let’s face the realities of automatic essay scoring,” the group’s statement reads in part. “Computers cannot ‘read’.  They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical ( 伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others.
H. But EdX expects its software to be adopted widely by schools and universities. It offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of California-Berkeley; this fall, it will add classes from Wellesley, Georgetown and the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers certificates for course completion and has said that it plans to continue to expand next year, including adding international schools.
I. The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or graders, to first grade 100 essays or essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical（数字的）rank.
J. EdX is not the first to use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states—Louisiana, North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia—are using some form of the technology in secondary schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some cases the software is used as a “second reader,” to check the reliability of the human graders.
K. But the growing influence of the EdX consortium to set standards is likely to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the automated assessment technology.
L. Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create “massive open online courses,” or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. “It allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so that lean turns into a game, with students naturally(吸引) toward resubmitting the work until they get it right,” said Daphne Roller, a computer scientist and a founder of Coursera.
M. Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett- Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers. More than 150 teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contests, Vik Paruchuri, was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.
N. “One of our focuses is to help kids learn how to think critically,” said Victor Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. “ It’s probably impossible to do that with multiple-choice tests. The challenge is that this requires human graders, and so they cost a  lot more and they take a lot more time. ”
O. Mark D. Shermis, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio, supervised the Hewlett Foundation’s contest on automated essay scoring and wrote a paper about the experiment. In his view, the technology—though imperfect—has a place in educational settings.
P. With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said. Plus, he noted, critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation’s best universities, where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.
Q. Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could,” Dr. Shermis said. “ There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world.”
66. Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
67. Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
68. The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
69. Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still   criticized by many educators.
70. Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
71. Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
72. Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
73. As class size grows, most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
74. The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
75. Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
Section C
Directions： There are 2 passages in this 'Section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
The endless debate about “work-life balance ’’ often contains a hopeful footnote about stay-at- home dads. If American society and business won5t make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children, there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full-time fathers will. But based on today’s socioeconomic trends, this hope is, unfortunately, misguided.
It’s true that the number of men who have left work to do their thing as full-time parents has doubled in a decade, but ifs still very small： only 0. 8% of married couples where the stay-at-home father was out of the labor force for a year. Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a downsizing. This is simply not a large enough group to reduce the social stigma(污名)and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision, even if only for a relatively short time.
Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult. A study found that 85% of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but a few, it’s a week or two at most. Meanwhile, the average for women who take leave is more than 10 weeks.
Such choices impact who moves up in the organization. While you’re away, someone else is doing your work, making your sales, taking care of your customers. That can’t help you at work. It can only hurt you. Women, of course, face the same issues of returning after a long absence. But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise families, returning from an extended parental leave doesn’t raise as many eyebrows as it does for men.
Women would make more if they didn't break their earning trajectory (轨迹）by leaving the workforce, or if higher-paying professions were more family-friendly. In the foreseeable future, stay- at-home fathers may make all the difference for individual families, but their presence won’t reduce the numbers of high-potential women who are forced to choose between family and career.
56. What gives women a ray of hope to achieve work-life balance?
A. More men taking an extended parental leave.
B. Peopled changing attitudes towards family.
C. More women entering business management.
D. The improvement of their socioeconomic status.
57. Why does the author say the hope for more full-time fathers is misguided?
A. Women are better at taking care of children.
B. Many men value work more than their family.
C. Their number is too small to make a difference.
D. Not many men have the chance to stay at home.
58. Why do few men take a long parental leave?
A. A long leave will have a negative impact on their career.
B. They just have too many responsibilities to fulfill at work.
C. The economic loss will be too much for their family to bear.
D. They are likely to get fired if absent from work for too long.
59. What is the most likely reaction to men returning from an extended parental leave?
A)   Jealousy. C) Admiration.
B)  Surprise. D) Sympathy.
60. What does the author say about high-potential women in the not-too-distant future?
A. They will benefit from the trend of more fathers staying at home.
B. They will find high-paying professions a bit more family-friendly.
C. They are unlikely to break their career trajectory to raise a family.
D. They will still face the difficult choice between career and children.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.
The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops :rice, wheat, com and soyabeans (大豆).They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.
There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.
Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in com and soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Com and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world. ”,
The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.
Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (回返）to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.
61. What does the author try to draw attention to?
A) Food riots and hunger in the world.   C) The decline of the grain yield growth.
B) News headlines in the leading media.  D) The food supply in populous countries.
62. Why does the author mention India and China in particular?
A. Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.
B. Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.
C. Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.
D. Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.
63. What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement efforts?
A. They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.
B. They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.
C. They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.
D. They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.
64. What does the Food and Agriculture Organisation say about world food production in the coming decades?
A. The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.
B. The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.
C. The "slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.
D. The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.
65. How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organisation?
A. It is built on the findings of a new study.
B. It is based on a doubtful assumption.
C. It is backed by strong evidence.
D. It is open to further discussion.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier services)将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞 争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此,快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
 
“Good news mom! I was accepted to the college of your choice.”
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on parents' role in their children’s growth. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A  
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) The woman is the manager’s secretary. C) The man is the manager’s business associate.
B) The man found himself in a wrong place. D) The woman was putting up a sign on the wall.
2. A) He needs more time for the report. C) He is sorry not to have helped the woman.
B) He needs help to interpret the data. D) He does not have sufficient data to go on.
3. A) A friend from New York. C) A postal delivery.
CI) A message from Tony. D) A change in the weather.
4. A) She is not available until the end of next week.
E) She is not a reliable source of information.
F) She does not like taking exams.
G) She does not like psychology.
5. A) He will help the woman carry the suitcase.
CI) The woman’s watch is twenty minutes fast.
CII) The woman shouldn’t make such a big fuss.
CIII) There is no need for the woman to be in a hurry.
6. A) Mary is not so easygoing as her. C) She finds it hard to get along with Mary.
E) Mary and she have a lot in common. D) She does not believe what her neighbors said.
7.      A)  At an information service. C) At a repair shop.
B) At a car wash point. D) At a dry cleaner’s
8.    A) The woman came to the concert at the man’s request.
B) The man is already fed up with playing the piano.
C) The piece of music the man played is very popular.
D) The man’s unique talents are the envy of many people.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.
B) He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.
C) He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago.
D) He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.
10.   A) He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.
B) He is eager to find a job with an increased salary.
C) He likes to work in a company close to home.
D) He would rather get a less demanding job.
11.   A) Sports. B) Travel.             C) Foreign languages.                D) Computer games.
12.      A)       When he is supposed to start work.
B) What  responsibilities he would  have.
C) When he will be informed about his application.
D) What career opportunities her company can offer.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She is pregnant. C) She has just finished her project.
B) She is over 50. D) She is a good saleswoman.
14. A) He takes good care of Lisa.                                                      C) He is good at business management.
B) He is the CEO of a  giant company. D) He works as a sales manager.
15.   A) It is in urgent need of further development.
B) It produces goods popular among local people.
C) It has been losing market share in recent years.
D) It is well positioned to compete with the giants.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) It is lined with tall trees. C) It has high buildings on both sides.
B) It was widened recently. D) It used to be dirty and disorderly. 
17.    A) They repaved it with rocks. C) They beautified it with plants.
B) They built public restrooms on it. D) They set up cooking facilities near it.
18.  A) What makes life enjoyable. C) What a community means.
B) How to work with tools. D) How to improve health.
19.  A)      They were obliged to fulfill the signed contract.
B) They were encouraged by the city officials, praise.
C) They wanted to prove they were as capable as boys.
D) They derived happiness from the constructive work.
Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
20.  A)     The majority of them think it less important than computers.
B) Many of them consider it boring and old-fashioned.
C) The majority of them find it interesting.
D) Few of them read more than ten books a year.
21.  A) Novels and stories. C) History and science books.
B) Mysteries and detective stories.                                                   D) Books on culture and tradition.
22.  A) Watching TV. C) Reading magazines.
B) Listening to music. D) Playing computer games.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
23.  A)       Advice on the purchase of cars.
B) Information about the new green-fuel vehicles.
C) Trends for the development of the motor car.
D) Solutions to global fuel shortage.
24.  A) Limited driving range. C) The short life of batteries.
B) Huge recharging expenses. D) The unaffordable high price.
25.     A)       They need to be further improved.
B) They can easily switch to natural gas.
C) They are more cost-effective than vehicles powered by solar energy.
D) They can match conventional motor cars in performance and safety.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
My favorite T. V. show?  “  The Twilight Zone.” I   26    like the episode called “ The Printer’s Devil. ” It’s about a newspaper editor who’s being    27   out of business by a big newspaper syndicate—you know, a group of papers   28    by the same people.
He’s about to   29    when he’s interrupted by an old man who says his name is Smith. The editor is not only offered $ 5,000 to pay off his newspapers     30    , but this Smith character also offers his services for free. It turns out that the guy operates the printing machine with amazing speed, and soon he’s turning out newspapers with    31   . The small paper is successful again. The editor is    32    at how quickly Smith gets his stories—only minutes after they happen—but soon he’s presented with a contract to sign. Mr. Smith, it seems, is really the devil! The editor is frightened by this news, but he is more frightened by the idea of losing his newspaper, so he agrees to sign. But soon Smith is    33    the news even before it happens—and ifs all terrible—one disaster after another. Anyway, there is a little more to tell, but I don’t want to    34    the story for you. I really like these old episodes of “The Twilight Zone” because the stories are fascinating. They are not realistic. But then again, in a way they are, because they deal with     35     .
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
As a teacher, you could bring the community into your classroom in many ways. The parents and grandparents of your students are resources and     36     for their children. They can be     37     teachers of their own traditions and histories. Immigrant parents could talk about their country of    38     and why they emigrated to the United States. Parents can be invited to talk about their jobs or a community project. Parents, of course, are not the only community resources. Employees at local businesses and staff at community agencies have    39     information  to share in classrooms.
Field trips provide another opportunity to know the community. Many students don’t have the opportunity to    40    concerts or visit museums or historical sites except through field trips. A school district should have   41    for selecting and conducting field trips. Families must be made    42    of field trips and give permission for their children to participate.
Through school projects, students can learn to be    43    in community projects ranging from planting trees to cleaning up a park to assisting elderly people. Students,    44    older ones, might conduct research on a community need that could lead to action by a city council or state government. Some schools require students to provide community service by    45    in a nursing home, child care center or government agency. These projects help students understand their responsibility to the larger community.
A) assets I) joining
B) attend J) naturally
C) aware K) observe
D) especially L) origin
E) excellent M) recruited
F) expensive N) up-to-date
G) guidelines
H) involved                     O) volunteering

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking
A) Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple, much has been said about him as a peerless business leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of　hit products that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
B) All true, but let’s think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let’s look at Mr. Jobs as a role model.
C) Above all, he is an innovator (创新者）. His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile software online. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion ： you can’t engineer innovation, but you can increase the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs’ career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit of improving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs, of course, has enjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economic progress—higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperous careers for individuals. And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovation game.
D) “ We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,” says John Kao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kao notes, are now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation. These include government financing for scientific research, national policies to support emerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds of Internet broadband service.
E) Yet what other nations typically lack, Mr. Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity, experimentation, risk-taking, and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls “ recombinant mash-ups ( 打碎重组 ),” like the iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category. “The culture of other countries doesn’t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies, as America does,” Mr. John Kao says.
F) Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to thriving in the modem economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real- life experience is often even more valuable.
G) An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He was fascinated by electronics as a child, building Heath kit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobs dropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak, an engineering wizard (奇才). Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997.
H) His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. “It’s often people like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrough ideas and insights,” says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute of Business Administration.
I) Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5000(创业者）and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co¬-authors are Jeff  Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovators Dilemma popularized the concept of (颠覆性的）innovation. ”
J) The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning, experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes the ceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. Hal Gregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas. Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.
K) “Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,” Mr. Gregersen says. “It’s a habit for them Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in the stock market, which they call an “innovation premium (溢价）.” It is calculated by estimating the share of a company’s value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovation premium tries to quantify(量化)investors’ bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation.
L) Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs’ first term with the company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Applet fortunes improved gradually at first, and improved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52 percent innovation premium since then.
M) There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could have reshaped industries beyond computing, as he has done in his second term at Apple, without the experience outside the company, especially at Pixar—the computer-animation (动画制作）studio that created a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as “Toy Story” and “Up.”
N) Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class at Stanford University in 2005. “It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me,” he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance (坚持）and will power. “Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick,” he said. “Don’t lose faith. ”
O) Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one’s choice of work and in one’s life. Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students. His advice was emphasized by the words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which he quoted Stay hungry. Stay foolish. ” “And, Mr. Jobs said, “I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
46. Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address.
47. Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple.
48. Steve Jobs once used computers to make movies that were commercial hits.
49. Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the raw materials for innovation.
50. Great innovators are good at connecting concepts from various academic fields.
51. Innovation is vital to driving economic progress.
52. America has a social environment that is particularly favorable to innovation.
53. Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.
54. Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for career success.
55. Applet fortunes suffered from an innovation discount during Jobs’ absence.
Section C
Directions ： There are 2 -passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation : Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue, “ many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems. ’’
The research references studies of peopled behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions： licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren5t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
56. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
57. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A)  They should be implemented effectively. C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
B)  They provide misleading information. D) They help people make rational choices.
58. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
59. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
60. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy (破产）protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency ( 自满)”that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.
Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate(企业的）culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.
61. What do we learn about Kodak?
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B) It is approaching its downfall.
C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D) It is playing the dominant role in the film market.
62. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?
A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
63. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?
A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.
B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck  in their glorious past.
64. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?
A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge.
65. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?
A)    Its blind faith in traditional photography. C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
B)  Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence. D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥,无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包,但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on the kid’s understanding of going to school. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II               Listening Comprehension                                    (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.  Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) He will give the woman some tips on the game.
B) The woman has good reason to quit the game.
C) He is willing to play chess with the woman.
D)The woman should go on playing chess.
2. A) The man can forward the mail to Mary.            C) Mary probably knows Sally’s new address.
B) She can call Mary to take care of the mail.              D) She would like to resume contact with Sally.
3. A) His handwriting has a unique style.                            C) He did not attend today’s class.
B) His notes are not easy to read.                                   D) He is very pleased to be able to help.
4. A) The man had better choose another restaurant.
B) The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C) The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D) The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.     A) He has been looking forward to spring.                        C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
        B) He has been waiting for the winter sale.                      D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.     A) The woman is rather forgetful.                                      C) The man often lends books to the woman.
        B) The man appreciates the woman’s help.                        D) The woman often works overtime at weekends.
7.     A) Go to work on foot. C) Start work earlier than usual.
B) Take a sightseeing trip. D) Take a walk when the weather is nice.
8.     A) The plane is going to land at another airport.
B) All flights have been delayed due to bad weather.
C) Temporary closing has disturbed the airport’s operation.
D) The airport’s management is in real need of improvement.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) It specializes in safety from leaks.                                   C) It has a partnership with LCP.
B) It is headquartered in London.                                        D) It has a chemical processing plant.
10.    A) He is Mr. Grants friend.                                                  C) He is a salesman.
B) He is a safety inspector.                                                  D) He is a chemist.
11.    A) Director of the safety department.                                   C) Head of the personnel department.
B)  Mr.  Grand’s personal assistant.                                     D) The public relations officer.
12.    A) Wait for Mr. Grand to call back.
B) Leave a message for Mr. Grand.
C) Provide details of their products and services.
D) Send a comprehensive description of their work.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She learned playing the violin from a famous French musician.
B) She dreamed of working and living in a European country.
C) She read a lot about European musicians and their music.
D) She listened to recordings of many European orchestras.
14.    A) She began taking violin lessons as a small child.
B) She was a pupil of a famous European violinist.
C) She gave her first performance with her father.
D) She became a professional violinist at fifteen.
15.    A) It gave her a chance to explore the city. C) It was a great challenge to her.
B) It was the chance of a lifetime. D) It helped her learn classical French music.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D) . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.    A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.    A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.    A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.     A) Theft. B) Cheating.                                     C)   Air crash.    D) Road accidents.
20.    A) Learn the local customs.                           C) Book tickets well in advance.
B) Make hotel reservations.                           D) Have the right documents.
21.    A) Contact your agent.                                    C) Use official transport.
B) Get a lift if possible.                                    D) Have a friend meet you.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22     A) Cut down production cost.                                    C) Specialise in gold ornaments.
B) Sell inexpensive products.                                D) Refine the taste of his goods.
23     A) At a national press conference.                             C) During a local sales promotion campaign.
B) During a live television interview.                        D) At a meeting of top British businesspeople.
24     A) Insulted. B) Puzzled.            C) Distressed.            D) Discouraged.
25     A) The words of some businesspeople are just rubbish.
B) He who never learns from the past is bound to fail.
C) There should be a limit to one’s sense of humour.
D) He is not laughed at, that laughs at himself first.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. 、
Looking at the basic biological systems, the world is not doing very well. Yet economic indicators show the world is   26     . Despite a slow start at the beginning of the eighties, global economic output increased by more than a fifth during the   27   . The economy grew, trade increased, and millions of new jobs were created. How can biological indicators show the 28 of economic indicators?
The answer is that the economic indicators have a basic fault; they show no difference between resource uses that   29   progress and those uses that will hurt it. The main measure of economic progress is the gross national product (GNP). 30   , this totals the value of all goods and services produced and subtracts loss in value of factories and equipment. Developed a half-century ago, GNP helped    31   a common way among countries of measuring change in economic output. For some time, this seemed to work   32   well, but serious weaknesses are now appearing. As indicated earlier, GNP includes loss in value of factories and equipment, but it does not   33   the loss of natural resources, including nonrenewable resources such as oil or renewable resources such as forests.
This basic fault can produce a   34   sense of national economic health. According to GNP, for example, countries that overcut forests actually do better than those that preserve their forests. The trees cut down are counted as income but no subtraction is made for   35   the forests.
PartⅢ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The U. S. Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education. Today it is   36    the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiative will help states and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.
“All children are   37   to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family income. It is   38   important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full    39   ” U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite the excellent work and deep   40   of our nation’s teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high- minority schools are unfairly treated across our country. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will   41   their own creative solutions, but we must work together to   42   our focus on how to better recruit, support and   43    effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.”
Today’s announcement is another important step forward in improving access to a quality education, a   44   of President Obama’s year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the   45   of working in high-need schools and how to adopt promising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.
A) announcing I) distributing
B) beneficial J) enhance
C) challenges K) entitled
D) commitment L) potential
E) component M) properly
F) contests N) qualified
G) critically O) retain
H) develop 

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Changes Facing Fast Food
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s, whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consumers need to cut spending, the logic goes，cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such “trading down” proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
C) As a result, fast-food chains have weathered the recession better than their more expensive competitors. In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by more than 6% , but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains. In some markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased. Same-store sales in America at McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food company, did not decline throughout the downturn. Panera Bread, an American fast-food chain known for its fresh ingredients, performed well, too, because it offers higher-quality food at lower prices than restaurants.
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer，an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast- food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and Carl’s Jr.，have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
E) Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value.During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger franchisees(特许经营人)sued（起诉） the company over its double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be repuired to sell these for $1 when they cost $1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu” now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
F) Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to entice (引诱） consumers away from $1 specials. RFC, a division of Yum! Brands，which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue(烧烤）pork ribs at $7 for eight.
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ’’ line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
H)  As fast-food companies shift from “super size” to “more buys”，they need to keep customer traffic high throughout the day. Many see breakfast as a big opportunity, and not just for fatty food. McDonald’s will start selling porridge (粥）in America next year. Breakfast has the potential to be very profitable, says Sara Senatore of Bernstein, a research firm, because the margins can be high. Fast-food companies are also adding midday and late-night snacks, such as blended drinks and wraps. The idea is that by having a greater range of things on the menu, “we can sell to consumers products they want all day,” says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight obesity (肥胖症）.These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. “Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,” says Mr. Palmer of UBS. America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6% and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (创新). Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. “We probably sell more vegetables, more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world," he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie "Happy Meals”, because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
46. Some people propose laws be made to stop McDonald’s from attaching toys to its food specials for children.
47. Fast-food firms may not be able to cope with pressures from food regulation in the near future.
48. Burger King will start to sell Seattle’s Best coffee to increase sales.
49. Some fast-food firms provide healthy food to give the impression they are helping to tackle the obesity problem.
50. During the recession, many customers turned to fast food to save money.
51. Many people eat out less often to save money in times of recession.
52. During the recession, Burger King’s promotional strategy of offering low-priced items often proved ineffective.
53. Fast-food restaurants can make a lot of money by selling breakfast.
54. Many fast-food companies now expect to increase their revenue by introducing higher-priced items.
55. A newly-passed law asks big fast-food chains to specify the calorie count of what they serve on the menu.

Section d
Directions ： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A)，B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜) keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week^ Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑瘤）and delays their occurrence, it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas—the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn’t have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection—not sunscreen—seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it’s not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.
Many people also don’t use sunscreen properly—applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying—recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.
The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer,  it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (补上) sunscreen and slap on a hat.
56. What is peopled common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.           C) It will keep their skin smooth and fair.
B) It will protect them from sunburn. D) It will work for people of any skin color.
57. What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen?
A) It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.
B) It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.
C) It is ineffective with long-term exposure.
D) It is ineffective for people with fair skin.
58. What do we learn from the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people?
A) Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.
B) High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.
C) Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.
D) Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.
59. What does the author say about the second Australian study?
A) It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.
B) It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.
C) It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.
D) It confirms the results of the first Australian study.
60. What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates?
A)  Using both covering up and sunscreen. C) Using covering up instead of sunscreen.
B ) Staying in the shade whenever possible. D) Applying the right amount of sunscreen.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62 - 74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.
The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double,  from 600 million to 1. 1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿）translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend,  the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.
Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
61. What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?
A) Younger people are replacing the elderly.
B) Well-educated people tend to work longer.
C) Unemployment rates are rising year after year.
D) People with no college degree do not easily find work.
62. What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor?
A) Longer life expectancies. C) Profound changes in the workforce.
B) A rapid technological advance. D) A growing number of the well-educated.
63. What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century?
A) Economic growth will slow down.
B) Government budgets will increase.
C) More people will try to pursue higher education.
D) There will be more competition in the job market.
64. What is the result of policy changes in European countries?
A) Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.
B) More people have to receive in-service training.
C) Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.
D) People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.
65. What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?
A) Computers will do more complicated work.
B) More will be taken by the educated young.
C) Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones.
D) Skills are highly valued regardless of age.
Part IY Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到 2020年建成一个太空站。目前,中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时,它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 
2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题答案与详解
(第1套）
Part I Writing
审题思路
这是一篇四级考试中常见的议论文。此次通过漫画所呈现出的话题phone (手机）是考生日常生活中熟悉 的话题，因此写起来并不难。考生应该将重点放在第二段阐述手机与日常学习的关系上。联系实际分析可知二 者关系为:手机为日常学习带来了便利条件，但不能完全取代校园学习。
©写作提纲
一、提出观点:手机在学习中虽然重要但并非必不可少(play an important but not indispensable role) 一、A、下观占fl.学生自身应具有很好的知识储备(have a good command of)
一m…我们的个人知识（personal knowledge)促进了手机的发展
1. 过度依赖手机弊大于利（over-dependence on phones does more harm than good) i_2.要平衡好手机与知识学习的关系（balance the relationship between phones and study)
'范文点评
高分范文 精彩点评
The Role of Phones in Study
① What the drawing vividly depicts is that a pupil asks his mother why he is going to school since his phone already knows everything. © The picture illustrates that some students are highly dependent on their phones, overlooking the importance of personal study.③ However, as far as I am ① 描述图片:孩子认为有手机就不需要去
上学了。
② 揭示漫画隐含的信息:很多学生过于依 赖手机。
③ 提出观点：手机在学习中虽然重要，但 并非必不可少。'
④ 承上启下，论证观点。
⑤ © 使用 in the first place ...，in the second place...从两个方面进行论证， 层次分明。
⑧针对上述论证，总结观点，提出建议。 P加分亮点
be highly dependent on…高度依赖 
overlook忽视，忽略 indispensable必不可少的
be supposed to …应该 
have a good command of …很好地掌 握……
at hand在手边
concerned, phones play an important but not indispensable role in students5 learning.
@ There is no denying that mobile phones have brought much convenience, but we are not supposed to rely on them too much in the process of study. ® In the first place, we shoxild have a good command of knowledge on our own to cope with various situations without phones at hand. © In the second place, it is our personal knowledge that promotes the development of phones. Without the basic education at school， phones would not be invented.
© All in all, over-dependence on phones does more harm than good. (8) Therefore, we should properly balance the relationship between phones and study. Only in this way can we benefit most from our learning process. 

□全文翻译
手机在学习中的作用
漫画生动地描述了一个小学生问他的母亲，既然他的手机已经无所不知，为什么还要去上学。这幅漫画揭示 了这样一个现象:一些学生高度依赖手机,而忽视了个人学习的重要性。'然而，我认为，手机在学生们的学习中虽 然重要但并非必不可少。
毫无疑问，手机给我们带来了很多便利，但是在学习过程中，我们不应该过度依赖手机。首先,我们自身应该 具有很好的知识储备以应对没有手机在手边时的各种情况。其次，正是我们的个人知识促进了手机的发展。如 果没有学校的基础教育，就没有手机的问世。
总而言之，过度依赖手机弊大于利。因此，我们应该合理地平衡手机与学习的关系。只有这样我们才能够从 学习过程中获得最大的收益。
縻拓展空间
主题词汇 句式拓展
make good use of 充分利用 L For a long time，many students have paid much attention to the
pay close attention to 密切关注  development in...，let alone the updating of…长期以来,许多学
be oblivious to 无视  生对……的发展十分关注，更不要说……的更新了。
extend…into…将 扩展到  2. With the increasing awareness of, more and more people
attach importance to 重视  choose to...instead of...随着人们 意识的提高，越来越多的人
be overwhelmed by 充满  选择……而不再……。
digital数字的，数码的 
text messages to编辑短信至  
virtual world虚拟世界 

Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
1. W： Fin going to give up playing chess. I lost again today.
M： Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit?
详解男士说今晚要带女朋友去新开的饭店过生日。女士说她上周去过，太让她失望了。从rather disappointing可以听出女士话语中强烈的否定意味，言外之意就是建议男士不要去这家饭店了，应该另
选一家。故本题答案为A)#/.
5. W： Winter is over at last. Time to put away my gloves and boots.
M： Fve been waiting for this for months.
Q: What does the man mean?
A) 。铴未听先知四个选项中三个都提到了季节，由此推测对话内容可能与季节有关。另外，四个选项都是
以he j|'•头，故n丨判断该题会从刃十的角度进行提问，5]十的话为听音S点。
详解女十说，冬天终十结束r,町以把手奁和靴收起来广：K十[[!丨应说为此他已经等了好几个月 广敁然刃十和女十一样II;常期待冬天的结束，也就是盼天的到来故本题答案为A)
6. W ： Thank you for bringing the books back.
M ： I thought you need them over the weekend. Many thanks for letting me use them.
Q ： What do we learn from the conversation?
B) 。（•未听先知四个选项中，A)和D)以the woman为主语，B)和C)以the man为主语，选项在内容上较
分散，可以推测该题并非针对男士或女士个人的话提问，而是考查对整个对话的理解，听音时应注意从全 局把握对话内容。
详解对话开头,女士对男士说，谢谢他把书送回来，由此可知应该是男士借了女士的书，故首先排除
C) 项;男士说，他认为女士周末会用到，而且感谢女士让他使用这些书，故本题选择B)。
7. W ： Are you working flexible hours?
M: No，I’m not. The weather today is so nice，so I decided to walk to work, arid that meant I had to leave an hour earlier than usual.
Q: What did the man decide to do?
A)。（I’丰听先知：选项中涉及work, on foot, trip和walk等词，可推测对话和步行上班或旅行相关。四个 选项词短语，由此可推断该题会对建议或计划进行提问，应特别注意和建议或计划相关的表述。 (MMi、女士问男士的工作时间是否可以变通，男士回答说，不能。但今天天气很好，他决定步行去上 班，所以必须比平常早一个小时出发。男士话语中有明显的表示计划的动词decided，其后的内容就是本 题的答案，故答案为AU T
8. W: Our plane has been circling for a long time. Why the delay?
M ： The airport was closed for a while this morning, and things are still not back to normal.
Q ： What does the man mean?
（听四个选项均涉及飞机和机场，而且都和机场存在的问题有关，故听音的重点为机场在哪方 面出现了问题營Jii女士问，飞机已经盘旋了很长时间，为什么会延迟。男回答说，机场早晨关闭了段时间，而且仍然没有恢复正常。由此可知，机场出现的问题是closed for a while,而选项C)中的temporary dosing正是该表述的同义转述，故本题答案为C)。
Conversation One
W ： Good Morning, this is TGC!
M： Good morning, Walter Bany here, calling from London. Could I speak to Mr. Grand, please?
W: Who’s calling, please?
M： Walter Barry, from London.
W： What is it about, please?
M： Well, (9) I understand that your company has a chemical processing plant. My own company LCP, Liquid Control Products, is a leader in safety from leaks in the field of chemical processing. (10) I’d like to speak to Mr. Grand to discuss ways in which we could help TGC to protect itself from such problems and save money at the same time.
M： A colleague, for example?
W ： (11) You are speaking to his personal assistant. I can deal with calls for Mr. Grand.
M ： Yes, well, could I ring him tomorrow?
W： No, Tin sorry. He won5t be free tomorrow. Listen, let me suggest something. (12) You send us details of your products and services, together with references from other companies. And then well contact you. M ： Yes, thafs very kind of you. I have your address.
W ： Very good, Mr. ... ?
M ： Barry. Walter Barry, from LCP in London.
W： Right, Mr. Barry. We look forward to hearing from you.
M ： Thank you, goodbye.
W： Bye.
—未听先知预览四道题各选项，由选项中出现的partnership，plant，salesman，chemist，director，assistant， department和products等词可以推测，本文和商业有关，可能涉及公司之间的合作或产品的推销。结合第10题 和第11题各选项，应注意对话中对人物身份的描述，结合第12题的选项可推测该对话可能是电话对话。
9. What do we learn about the woman’s company?
D)。由对话开头可知，男士在给女士打电话，女士问男士有什么事情，男士在说明来电目的前说，自 己了i到女士的公司有家化学加工厂，故D)为答案。，二
10. What do we learn about the man?
c)。解:对话中，男士先表明_己的身份，介绍了自己公司，说明了来电I的是想和格兰德先生讨论如 何条助TGC公司防止泄漏，同时节省开支的问题,实际上就是要推荐自己公司的产品，由此可推断男士 是一名销售员，故C)为答案。^
11. What is the womans position in her company?
解对话中，女士告知男士格兰德先生非常忙，没空与男士说话，男士想找其他人商谈，女士告诉 他，f也正和格兰德先生的私人助理说话，即女士就是格兰德先生的私人助理，故B)为答案q ^
12. What does the woman suggest the man do?
c) , _详解对话中，女士说letmesuggestsomething，|l丨此tJ丨知，其后就足女上对男上的建议，即为该题
的答案=对话中，女士建议男十将K公M'j产品和服务的详情以及其他公司的推荐倍一卯奇送过来，之后 会和男士联系，故C)为答案
Conversation Two
M： Miss Yamada, (13) did you ever think that you would find yourself living and working in the western world?
W： (13) N〇w not really, although IVe always listened to recordings of great orchestras from Europe.
M ： So you enjoyed classical music even when you were very young?
W ： Oh, yes. I was only a child.
M： You were bom in 1955. Is that right?
W： Yes, (14) I began violin lessons at school when I was 6.
M ： As young as that. Did you like it?
W ： Oh, yes. Very much.
M： When did you first play on your own? I mean, when did you give your first performance?
W ： I think I was 8... ? No, 9. I just had my birthday a week before, and my father had bought me a new violin.
I played a small piece at the school concert.
M ： Did you know then that you would become a professional violinist?
W: Yes，I think so. I er\joy playing the violin veiy much，and I didn’t mind practicing，sometimes three or four hours a day.
M： And when did you first come to Europe?
W: I was very lucky. When I was fifteen，I won a scholarship to a college in Paris. That was for a three-year course.
M ： How did your parents feel about that?
W ： I think they were pleased and worried at the same time. (15) It was the chance of a lifetime. But of course I would be thousands of miles from home. Anyway, I studied in Paris for three years and then went back to Tokyo.
^未听先知预览三道题各选项，由选项中出现的violin，musician, music，orchestras, violinist和 performance等可以推测，本对话与音乐有关，内容可能涉及女士成为小提琴演奏家的经历。结合各选项中出现 的人称代词均为she或her可知，三个问题都是从女士的角度提问，因此女士的话是听音时的重点。
13. What do we know about the woman before she went to Europe?
D) 〇 (瞬解' 男士问女士是否想过会在西方世界生活和工作，女士回答说没有，但是自己一直都听欧洲大
型管€乐队的唱片，由此可知女士在到欧洲之前听过很多欧洲管弦乐队的唱片，故D)是答案。
14. What does the woman say about her music experience?
A) 。_详解男士问女士是否很小就喜欢古典音乐，女士给出肯定回答，并说自己六岁就开始在学校学习
小¥秦，故A)为答案。
15. What does the woman say about her study in Paris?
B)  。解对话末尾，女士提到自己十五岁获得奖学金到巴黎留学，男士询问女士父母对此有何感受，女
士说她父母喜忧参半，因为这既是个千载难逢的机会，也意味着她要远离故乡。四个选项中只有B)与 原文相符，故为答案。
Section
Passage One I
What makes a person famous? This is a mystery that many people have carefully thought about. All kinds of myths surround the lives of well-known people. Most people are familiar with the works of William Shakespeare, one of the greatest English writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. (16) Yet how many know Shakespeare the person, the man behind the works? After centimes of research, scholars are still trying to discover Shakespeare^ personal history. It is not easily found in his writings. Authors of the time could not protect their works. An acting company, for example, could change a play if they wanted to. Nowadays, writers have copyrights that protect their work.
Many myths arose about Shakespeare. Some said he had no formal education. Others believed that he began his career by tending the horses of wealthy men. All of these myths are interesting，but are they true? Probably not. (17) Shakespeare^ father was a respected man in Stratford-on-Avon, a member of the town council. He sent young William to grammar school. Most people of Elizabethan times did not continue beyond grammar school ； so, Shakespeare did have, at least, an average education. (18) Some parts of Shakespeare’s life will always remain unknown. The Great London Fire of 1666 burned many important documents that could have been a source of clues. We will aMays be left with many questions and few facts.
_未听先知预览三道题各选项，选项中都含有he，his或him这些人称代词，再结合选项中多次出现的词汇 works, writer和sources等可以推测，短文可能与某位男作家相关。
16. What does the speaker say about William Shakespeare?
D) 。_解短文中作者先提出“有多少人了解莎士比亚本人”的问题，接着指出学者们经过几个世纪的研
究i后，仍然在不断探索他的个人史。由此可知，莎士比亚的个人史很少有人知道，故D)为答案。
17. What do we learn about Shakespeare^ father?
c)。： _序解:本题考查对莎士比亚父亲的了解，由于使用的人称代词都是he,会对听前预测造成一定的干 扰，在听录音时应注意将选项和短文内容进行匹配区别。文章中提到莎士比亚的父亲受人尊敬,是埃文 河畔斯特拉特福镇议会的一名成员，故C)为答案。
18. Why does the speaker say parts of Shakespeare^ life will remain a mystery?
B)。■详解文章中提到1666年伦敦的一场大火把很多東要文件烧毁了，而这衅本来可能是了解莎士比 亚的线索，因此莎十比亚的一部分生活将永远不为人所知，故B)为答案3
Passage Two
Wherever you go and for whatever reason，it’s important to be safe. (19) While the majority of people you will meet when travelling are sure to be friendly and welcoming, there are dangers—theft being the most common.
Just as in your home country, do not expect everyone you meet to be friendly and helpful. Ifs important to prepare for your trip in advance and to take precautions while you are travelling. (20) As you prepare for your trip, make sure you have the right paperwork. You don?t want to get to your destination only to find you have the wrong visa，or worse，that your passport isn’t valid any more. Also, make sure you travel with proper medical insurance, so that if you are sick or injured during your travels, you will be able to get treatment. If you want to drive while you are abroad, make sure you have an international driver^ license.
(21) When you get to your destination, use official transport. Always go to bus and taxi stands. Don’t accept rides from strangers who offer you a lift. If there is no meter in the taxi，agree on a price before you get in. If you prefer to stay in cheap hotels while travelling, make sure you can lock the door of your room from the inside. Finally, remember to smile. Ifs the friendliest and most sincere form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world!
■牵听先知预览三道题各选项，通过选项中出现的theft, cheating, air crash, road accidents, local customs, reservations, book tickets, documents, agent和transport等词，可以推测这篇短文谈论的是旅游出行的话题。
19. What is mentioned as a most common danger when people go travelling abroad?
A)^ _详解)短文开头部分提到，人们在外出旅游时遇到的大部分人都:蠢既友i好又热情的，但也会遇到很
多危而其中最为常见的就是盗窃，故A)为答案
20. What is the most important thing to do when you prepare for your trip abroad?
文中提到，在准备出国旅游时，—定要确保文件正确，谁都不想到了目的地却发现签证错误、 护照过期等情况。选项D)中的documents与文中的paperwork是同义转述，故D)为答案。
21. What does the speaker suggest you do when you arrive at your destination?
ci羊解丨文章最后给出建议:到达目的地后要选择乘坐正规的交通工具，故c)为答案。
Passage Three |
(25) The British are supposed to be famous for laughing at themselves, but even their sense of humour has a limit，as the British retailer Gerald Ratner found out to his cost. (22) When Ratner took over his father’s chain of 130 jeweliy shops in 1984, he introduced a very clear company policy. He decided that his shops should sell downmarket products at the lowest possible prices. It was a great success. The British public loved his cheap gold earrings and his tasteless silver ornaments. By 1991, RatnerJs company had 2,400 shops and it was worth over 680 million pounds. But in April of that year，Gerald Ratner made a big mistake. (23) At a big meeting of top British businesspeople, he showed up and explained the secret of his success. “People say 4 How can we sell our goods for such a low price?5 I say ' Because they are absolute rubbish. 5 His audience roared with laughter. But the British newspapers and the British public were not so amused. (24) People felt insulted and stayed away from Ratner’s shops. Sales fell and 6 months after his speech, Ratner^ share price had fallen by 42% . The following year, things got worse and Gerald Ratner was forced to resign. By the end of 1992, he lost his company, his career and his house. Even worse, 25,000 of his employees had lost their jobs. (25) It had been a very expensive joke.
_未听先知预览四道题各选项，结合选项中的production，products，ornaments，sales promotion， businesspeople, humour和laughs at等词可推断本文和做生意有关系，可能涉及做生意需要的幽默。
22. What did Gerald Ratner decide to do when he took over his father^ shops?
解$短文提到，拉特纳在1984年接管了父亲的珠宝连锁店后，决定以最低的价格卖出低档产品，选 项 B)中 sell inexpensive products 是原文 sell downmarket products 的同义转述，故 B)为答案。
23. On what occasion did Gerald Ratner explain the secret of his success?
D)=修详解短文明确提到，在一次英国上层商人会议上，拉特纳出席并解释了自己成功的秘密，故D)为
答案：
24. How did people feel when they learned of Gerald Ratner?s remarks?
A)。.详解短文提到，听到拉特纳的评论后，人们觉得受到了侮辱并远离拉特纳的商店，故A)为答案。
25. What does the story of Gerald Ratner suggest?
c)。- _详解>短文开头就点明了主题，提到英国人以自嘲闻名，但即使是对他们来说，幽默也应该有限度， 接Si文以拉特纳的故事为例说明这个主题，文末再次强调“这个玩笑的代价太大了 ”,以此首尾呼应， 告诉我们开玩笑要有度，故c)为答案I®
Section C
26. prospering。详解此处应该填人一个现在分词或形容词，作is的表语。prospering意为“繁荣的”。
27. decade。 .梟详解此处应该填人表示时间的名词，与前面的介词during搭配。decade意为“十年”。
28. opposite。详解此处应该填入名词。opposite意为“对立面”。
29.  sustain。聋详解此处应该填人动词原形作从句谓语，上文的先行词resource uses充当其主语。sustain
意为“保持，纟i¥”。
30. In simple terms。_连解此处应该填人副词或介词短语作状语。in simple terms意为“简言之”。
31. establish。f .详解此处应该填入动词原形，与其前面的help搭配，并且能和后面的way搭配。establish
意为“建立，设立”。
32.  reasonably。详解此处应该填入副词修饰well。reasonably意为“尚可，还可以”。
33. take into account 〇 (藥择解:此处应该填人动词原形或动词短语。 take into account意为“考虑，重视％
34. misleading。(■痒搌)此处应该填人形容词来修饰sensegmisleading意为“令人误解的’’ 7 _.
35. using up。〔馨洋解:此处应该填人动名词或动名词短语来作介词for的宾语，并和forests进行搭配。using
up意为“耗用光^
Part III Reading Comprehension
 
O全文麵译

美国教育部正在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。今天，它（36)宣布开始实施“为所有学 生提供优秀教育工作者”的活动方案。这一方案将帮助各州和各学区为那些有最迫切需要的学生提供优秀教育 工作者的支持。
“所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收入，都应（37)有权利接受高质量的教育。为教师和校长们提供帮助 学生发挥全部（39)潜力所需的支持是(38)至关重要的，”美国教育部部长阿恩•邓肯说。：“尽管我们国家的教师 和校长们工作出色且全情（40)投入，全国各地那些极为贫困及少数民族聚集的学校的学生仍然音到不公正的对 待。我们必须努力做到更好^地方官员和教育工作者都将（41)形成他们自己的创造性解决方案，但是我们必须 共同努力，（42)增强我们对于如何更好地为所有学生招募、支持和（43)留住优秀教师和校长的关注，特别是那些 最需要他们的孩子们。”
今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,是奥巴马总统行动年的一个（44)组成部分。今天 晚些时候，邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议，讨论有关在高需求的学校工 作面临的（45) _以及如何采取有前途的举措以支持在这些学校的教育工作者
'选项归类
名词：C) clMenges 挑战；D) commitment 投入，承诺；E) component 组成部分，部件；F) contests 比赛;
L) potential潜力，可能性
动词：A) announcing宣布,宣称;H) develop形成，发展;I) distributing分发,散布;J) enhance增强，提高;
K) entitled使(某人)有权利;0) retain留用
形容词：B) beneficial有利的，有益的;N) qualified胜任的，合格的
副词：G) critically很大程度上,极为重要地；M) properly合理地，正确地
8详解详析,
B) A) announcing。(HWM)动词辨析题i句首出现时间状语today，费格位于系动词is和名词短语the launch of…之间，因此空格处需要填人动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时。前一句提到，美国教育部正 在努力确保所有学生享有接受高质量教育的平等权利。因此，空格处需要填人^个能够与名词launch构成 动宾搭配的动词，表示“宣布开始实施一项方案或活动由此确定announcing为本题答案，意思是“宣布”。. 备选词中，distributing意思是“分发，散布”，与此处文意不符，且无法与launch构成动宾搭配，故排除。
C)  K) entitled。动词辨析题。空格前面是系动词are,后面是介词to及其宾语,因此空格处需要填人 形容词作表语或者动词的被动语态，并与介词to搭配。上文提到,美国教育部今天宣布开始实施为所有学生 提供优秀教育工作者的活动方案，本句解释了实施此方案的原因，即所有孩子都应有权利接受高质量的教 育。因此，空格处需要填人一个表示‘¥有权利”或“有资格”的形容词，且能够与介词to搭配，备选形容词中只 有entitled同时符合这两项要求，由此确定其为本题答案。be entitled to意思是“有……资格”。备选词中， beneficial意思是“有利的，有益的”，与此处文意不符,排除;qualified意思是“有资格的”，但不能与介词to
搭配使用，因此也可以排除。
D) G) critically。（_详解副词辨析题。空格前面是系动词is，后面是形容词important,因此空格处需要填入 一个副词，用来修饰形容词important。上句提到，所有的孩子，不分种族、居住地及家庭收人，都应有权利接 受高质量的教育，本句承接上句，表明为教师和校长们提供帮助学生发挥全部潜力所需支持的重要性。因 此，空格处需要填人一个表示“非常，相当，很”的副词，与important表达“至关重要”的意义，由此确定副词 critically为本题答案，意思是“很大程度上，极为重要地”。备选词中，properly意思是“合理地，正确地”，与 此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
E) L) potential。（gif解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词性物主代词their及形容词M1，因此空格处需要 填人一个名词。本句提到要为教师和校长们提供支持，而这些支持是为了帮助学生发挥其全部潜力。因此, 空格处需要填人一个能与动词reach相搭配的名词，且表达“潜力，能力”的意义，由此确定名词potential为 本题答案，意思是“潜力”。备选词中，challenges意思是“挑战'commitment意思是“投人，承诺”， component意思是“组成部分，部件” contests意思是“比赛”，均与此处文意不符，且不能与动词reach搭 配，可以排除。
4〇. D) commitment。i:_?i羊解名词辨析题。空格前面为形容词deep,后面为介词of,因此空格处需要填人名 词。根据连词and可以判断，该名词与and前面的excellent work在意义上应该是并列的，且根据上下文，此 处要表达的意义是教师和校长们工作出色且努力。因此，空格处的名词表达的是“努力”或“投人”的意思，且 为不可数的抽象名词，备选词中只有commitment—词符合要求，由此确定其为本题答案。备选词中的 challenges和contests均为可数名词复数形式，可以排除;component意思是“组成部分，部件”，与此处文意 不符，且不能用deep进行修饰，可以排除;potential已经用过，直接排除。
H) develop。（解动词辨析题。空格前面为助动词will,后面为名词短语their own creative solutions, 因此空格处需要填人动词原形，与will构成一般将来时态，并与名词solutions构成动宾短语。solutions意 思是“解决方案”，因此填人的动词应该表达“想出，找到”或“研究出，制定出”的意义。由此可以确定，动词 develop为本题答案，意思是“形成”。备选词中，enhance意思是“增强，提高”，retain意思是“留用”，均不能 与solutions搭|^，且g此处文意不符，因此可以排除。
J) enhance。(动词辨析题。空格前面是动词短语work together•及动词不定式符号to,后面是名 词短语our focus，因此空格处需要填人动词原形，且与our focus构成动宾搭配。根据上下文,教育部长认为 我们必须共同努力增强对于某些问题的关注。因此，空格处填人的动词应该表达“增强，增加”的意义，由此 可以确定，动词enhance为本题答案，意思是“增强,提高”。备选词中，develop已经用过，直接排除;retain 意思是“留用”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
O) retain.。(||择解j动词辨析题。根据and前面的两个动词recruit和support及其形式可以判断,空格处 需要填人的是动词原形，且与recruit和support构成并列关系，recruit意思是“招募”，support意思是“支持， 配备”，宾语都是空格后的effective teachers and principals,由此可以确定，动词retain为本题答案。
 E) component。藝译)j名词辨析题。空格前面是不定冠词a,后面是介词of,因此空格处需要填人可数 名词的单数形式。前面讲到，今天的公告是改善获得高质量教育权利的又一重要步骤,而介词of后面又提到 了奥巴马总统行动年，因此可以判断今天的公告内容是奥巴马总统行动年的行动内容之一，空格处应填入表 示“内容，组成部分”的名词。由此可以确定名词component为本题答案,意思是“组成部分”。备选词中， commitment和potential已经用过，直接排除；challenges和contests均为可数名词的复数形式，也可以 排除。
 C) challenges。痒解名词辨析题。空格前面是定冠词the,后面是介词of,因此空格处应填人名词形 式。本句介绍的是邓肯部长将带领召开与来自全国各地的校长和学校教师展开的圆桌会议内容，根据上下 文,在高需求的学校工作必将面临更多的挑战或困难。因此，空格处填人的名词可能表达“困难，问题”或“挑 战”的意义，由此可以判断，名词challenges为本题答案，意思是“挑战”。备选词中，commitment，potential 和component均用过，直接排除;contests意思是“比赛”，与此处文意不符，也可以排除。
Section
□全文翻译
快餐业面临的改变
A)快餐业不得不成为一个厚着脸皮生存的群体。健康专家因其向人们兜售令人肥胖的食品而不断对其进 行猛烈抨击。评论家们甚至抱怨说商标代表超高热量的麦当_劳不应该获准赞助世界杯。（47)这些是快餐业已 经学会去处理的一些事情。但是，可能撑不了多久。当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出回应时， 
还面临着来自监管部门更多的压力。
快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退逻辑上，当消费者要削减开支时，巨无霸和皇堡等便宜的食物 会变得更有吸引力。在最近的经济衰退中，当快餐商家留住了那些在休闲餐馆也付不起钱的消费者时，这样的 “降级消费”得以证明。在美国，这个快餐的发源地，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，例如推出1美元菜 单和便宜的什锦饭，快餐店客流也变得兴旺起来。
结果，快餐连锁企业比那些贵一点的同行们更好地度过了这次经济危机。在2009年美国提供全方位服 务的餐馆的营业额与以前同期相比有超过6%的降幅，但是快餐连锁企业的营业额却依然保持不变。其他国家的 市场，如曰本、法国和英国，在快餐上的整体消费呈增长态势。在美国同行业的营业额中，世界上最大的快餐企业 麦当劳在没有下滑的情况下度过了经济衰退期。以其新鲜原料闻名的美国快餐连锁店帕尼罗面包同样表现良 好，因为它以比饭店低廉的价格提供了更高质量的食品。
但并非所有的快餐企业都如此幸运。诸如汉堡王等许多企业的营业额就有所下滑。（51)在经济衰退的 严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。瑞士联合银行的分析师大 卫.帕尔曼表示，在美国，一些小型的快餐连锁店，如玩偶匣和卡乐星，在这次经济衰退中受到了特别严重的冲 击，因为它们要与麦当劳这样的全球性快餐巨头进行竞争。去年，在其他企业都减少广告投入的情况下，麦当劳 在广告宣传上的投入却增加了 7%多。
—些快餐企业还不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。（52)在经济衰退期间，很多商家采取 低价策略，他们期望一旦吸引顾客进门，就能够劝说他们购买梢贵的产品。但在多数情况下，这种策略并不^ 效。去年，汉堡王的特许经销商就因为双层奶酪汉堡的促销活动而起诉该公司，声称以1美元出售这些成本价^ 1.10美元的产品对他们来说是不公平的。五月份法官裁决表示支持汉堡王。尽管如此，这家公司可能还是要咒 骂其做出的促销便宜菜品而不是更高价菜品的决定，因为这些“实惠菜单”上的菜品在销售总额中所占的比例从 去年10月的12%上升到了现在的20% ^
(54)分析人士对今年快餐业的适度增长有所期待。但是衰退的形势促使商家重新考虑他们的策略。现 在许多商家推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从1美元的特价商品中吸引回来。拥有塔可钟和必胜客的百 胜餐饮集团的旗下品牌肯德基已经推出了一款售价约5美元的鸡肉三明治。五月份汉堡王推出了 7美元八个的 烤猪排。
许多快餐企业也试图让消费者购买包括饮料在内的更多新产品。麦当劳开始销售更优质的咖啡作为对 星巴克的挑战。它的“麦克咖啡”系列在美国本土的销售量约占6%。（48)星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖 的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些时候开始销售。
因为销售策略从“大尺寸”向“更多买家”转变，快餐商家需要维持一天的高客流量。(53)许多商家看到 了早餐市场的巨大商机，而不是仅仅出售高脂肪的食物。麦当劳明年将在美国销售粥类食物。伯恩斯坦调查公 司的分析师莎拉•塞纳托尔表示，早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。快餐商家也在增加中午和 夜晚小吃的种类，例如混合型饮料及包装食品。其想法是，通过在菜单上涵盖更广的范围，“我们可以卖给消费者 他们一整天都需要的食物，”百胜集团首席财务官瑞克•卡如茨说道。
但是那些越长越粗的腰围怎么办呢？到目前为止，快餐企业已经聪明地避开了政府的监管。（49)通过提 供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，这些企业至少给人们留下了采取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。提供 的这些东西未必是亏本特卖品，因为它们增强了廉价食品店对食客群体，包括不想吃汉堡的人们的吸引力。但是 消费者不能被强制点沙拉来代替薯条。
在未来，简单提供一些健康的可供选择的食品可能是不够的。“每一个我所了解的包装食品和餐馆企业 现在都在关心法律规定，”瑞银集团的帕尔曼先生表示。（55)今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家 及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。一项由美国国家经济研究局开展的对2007 年在纽约推出的相似热量张贴法案对星巴克的影响跟踪调查发现,在旁边有唐恩都乐连锁店的情况下，星巴克每 次交易中的平均热量值减少了 6% ,而收益增长了 3% ■——也就是说，这些菜单标签有助于这些连锁企业提供更 健康的菜品。
为了避免与美国和其他地方的法规起冲突，快餐企业将不得不继续创新。麦当劳的沃特■瑞克宣称其公 司已经对菜单进行了改良，这意味着麦当劳与几年前相比会提供更多健康的食品。“与世界上的其他餐饮企业相 比，我们可能会销售更多的蔬菜、更多的牛奶、更多的沙拉以及更多的苹果他说道。（46)但是加利福尼亚州的 一个小镇最近提出一项议案，即禁止麦当劳在其高热量的“快乐套餐”中附赠玩具，因为立法者们认为这会引诱孩 子们去吃不健康的食物，这表明还有更多事情等着快餐企业去做。
K) In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have to continue innovating (仓!J 新）• Walt Riker of McDonald’s claims the change it has made 
in its menu means it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago. ‘‘ We probably sell more vegetables，more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world，” he says. But the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald’s from including toys in its high-calorie “ Happy Meals ”，because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there is a lot more left to do.
、齡详解该段说明在快餐业进行创新和改良的大环境下，麦当劳也对其食品进行了改良，提供了更多健康食 品，但是高热量食品仍然存在'，为促销其儿童“快乐套餐”，麦当劳会在卖套餐的同时附赠玩具，立法者认为这种 做法会引诱孩子吃不健康的食物，因此提议立法禁止该行为。题干是对这句话的同义转述，故答案为K)。
A) Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch. Health experts regularly criticise them severely for selling food that makes people fat. Critics even complain that McDonald’s， whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. But not perhaps for much longer. The burger business faces more pressure from regulators at a time when it is already adapting strategies in response to shifts in the global economy.
:、§详解定位句指出，当汉堡企业准备采取策略来对全球经济的变化做出吗应时，还面临着来自监管部门更 多的压力，快餐业已经学会去处理一些事情，也就是这些压力，但是可能撑不了多久。题干是对定位句的概括， 故答案为A)。
G) Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. McDonald’s started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its “ McCafe ” line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattle’s Best coffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.
箱详解定位句指出，星巴克已经将它的西雅图最好咖啡的品牌版权出售给了汉堡王，该咖啡将在今年晚些 时候开始销售。题千即为该句的同义转述，故答案为〇)。('
I) But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about helping to fight o&eggfy (月巴胖症）. These offerings are not necessarily loss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners that include some people who don’t want to eat a burger. But customers cannot be forced to order salads instead of fries.
擎详解定位句提到了快餐企业通过提供一些健康的选择，像沙拉和低热量的三明治，至少给人们留下了采 取行动帮助对抗肥胖的印象。题干中的provide healthy food to give the impression为原文中by providing healthy options...they have at least given the impression…的同义转述，故答案为 I)。
B) Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consiimers need to cut spending, the logic goes, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. Such u trading down ^ proved true for much of the latest recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants. Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $ 1 menus and cheap combination meals.
〔憂详解该段首先提出快餐曾经被认为可以抵抗经济衰退，接下来进行分析解释。在经济衰退期，人们想要节 省开支，就倾向于购买便宜的食物，因此像巨无霸和皇堡这类便宜管饱的快餐对于想省钱的顾客就很有吸引 力。最后一句提到，伴随着快餐业的打折活动以及促销活动，快餐店客流量也变得兴旺，这一现象也从侧面说 明很多顾客为了省钱而去快餐店吃饭。题干中的save money是原文中cut spending的同义转述，题干则是对 这一段的概括，故答案为B)。
D) But not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall. In a severe recession， while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. David Palmer, an analyst at UBS，a bank，says smaller fast-food chains in America，such as Jack in the Box and CarFs Jr. , have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonald^, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.
详解该段解释某些快餐企业不景气的原因。定位句指出，在经济衰退的严峻时期，尽管一些人降级消费转 向快餐，但许多人为了省钱而更频繁地在家里吃饭。也就是说，减少了在外吃饭的次数。题干中的eat out less often是定位句中eat at home more frequently的同义转述，故答案为D)。
Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better value. During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items. But in many cases that strategy did not work. Last year Burger King franchisees A ) sued the company over its
double-cheeseburger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be required to sell these for $ 1 when they cost $ 1.10 to make. In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King. Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its “value menu’’now account for around 20% of all sales, up from 12% last October.
详解该段首先指出一些快餐企业为了吸引顾客，不惜牺牲自己的利润试图给顾客们更好的优惠。很多商 家采取了低价促销活动，但往往这些策略都是不奏效的。该段接下来举了汉堡王被特许经销商起诉的例子来 说明这个观点。题干是对定位段中观点和例子的总括，故答案为E)。 
having a greater range of things on the menu, <4we can sell to consumers products they want all day,says Rick Carucci, the chief financial officer of Yum! Brands.
齡详解该段介绍了快餐店发展的另一个策略。快餐店要发展不仅需要推出新产品，还要寻找新市场。定位 句指出，许多商家看到了早餐市场的巨大商机，“早餐市场具有很好的赚钱潜力，因为其利润相当高。”这句引用 分析师萨拉•塞纳托尔的话明确指出快餐店通过卖早餐能赚很多钱。题干是对定位句的概括，故答案为H)t
Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year. But the downturn is making companies rethink their strategies. Many are now introducing higher-priced items to enfee (弓 1诱）consumers away from $ 1 specials. KFC，a division of Yum! Brands, which also owns Taco Bell and Pizza Hut，has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $ 5. And in May Burger King introduced barbecue (^ 烤）pork ribs at $ 7 for eight.
详解该段前二句指出，由于经济衰退，商家重新考虑销售策略以期提高收益。第三句对新策略进行了说 明:推出一些价格稍高的商品试图将消费者从i美元的特价商品中吸引回来。题干是对这三句话的整合，故答 案为F)。
J) In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough. u Every packaged-food and restaurant company I know is concerned about regulation right now,’’says Mr. Palmer of UBS. Americans health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-posting law in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6%
—and revenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunkin Donuts outlet was nearby—a sign, it is said, that menu-labelling could favour chains that have more healthy offerings.
_详解定位句指出，今年美国国会通过的健康改革法案要求拥有20家及以上连锁店的餐馆将它们所供应的 食品卡路里含量印制在菜单上。题干中的a newly-passed law是对原文America’s health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year 的概括，题干中的 big fast-food chains 是对 restaurant chains with 20 or more outlets的概括，故答案为J)。
Section
I Passage One |
〇全文翻译
(56)如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射，那你可能就错了。(57)本周《自然》杂志 的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。黑 瘤是最具侵犯性的皮趺癌。如果你拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛，或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患 此疾病，那么你将有相对较高的患病风险。如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见。U长期暴露于 阳光下，其他皮肤癌也越来越有可能发生丨1:_;
对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议——比起对于预防其他类型的皮肤癌，其证据更加乏力。.（58) 2011 年澳大利亚一项涉及1，621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜 的人群的一半。第二项研究则将1，167名患有黑瘤的人和1,101名未患这种癌症的人进行对比，发现日常使用防
晒霜，并且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性。这项研 究指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益。（59)此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年 所采取防晒措施的记忆，因此并不完全可靠。但是认为防晒霜给人们错误防晒意识似乎又是合理的。.
许多人使用防晒霜的方法也并不正确——用量不足、几小时后未能重新涂抹以及过长时间暴露于阳光下。 晒伤才是最令人担忧的问题——最近的一项研究显示，青少年时期五次晒伤的经历就足以增加所有皮肤癌的患 病风险。
好消息是，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显示的，综合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措 施能够降低黑瘤发病率。因此，如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜，并且扣上帽子。
B详解详析
 B)。苹读由题干中的 high-factor sunscreen 定位到首段第一句:If you think a high-factor SMnscrem
(防晒霜）keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.
解)推理判断题。文章开篇即指出，如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射， 那你可能就错了。由此可见，对于防晒霜能够保护皮肤不受伤害的这种误解是非常普遍的，因此，人们 5^于高指数防晒霜的普遍预期是它将保护人们不被太阳晒伤，故答案为B)。
睛）A) “它将延缓皮肤癌的发生”，本段第二句指出，一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜 能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生，因此排除;C) “它将保持他们的皮肤光滑 白皙”，文章并未提及，排除;D) “它对于任何肤色的人都会起作用”，本段第四句提到了浅色皮肤的人更 fig1洒伤，但是文章并未涉及防晒霜对于各种肤色人群的作用，因此排除。
 A)。（屋卑丨立；由题干中的 research in Mxtare 定位到首段第二句：Research in this week’s Atowre shows
that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas ( ) and delays their occurrence, it can^
prevent them.
(餐择櫥)事实细节题。文章首段第二句提到，本周《自然》杂志的一项研究表明，尽管防晒指数为50的 防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量，并延缓其出现，但却并不能阻止其发生。由此可见,此项研究表明高指数 的防晒霜并不能有效阻止黑瘤的发生，故答案为A)。
睛：B) “它在强烈光照的情况下是无效的”，定位句并未提及光照强度与防_霜效果之间的关 系，因此排除;C)“它对于长时间暴露于阳光下无效”，本段第五句提到，如果你周期性地暴露于强烈的 阳光下，黑瘤则更为常见，但并未涉及防晒霜效果问题，因此排除;D) “它对于浅色皮肤的人无效”，本段 第四句提到，如果拥有红发或金发、浅色皮肤、蓝色或绿色眼睛,或者容易晒伤，又或者有近亲患此疾病， 将有相对较高的患黑瘤这种癌症的风险，这里提到了浅色皮肤的人属于黑瘤高发人群，也未将其与防晒 霜作用相联系，因此也排除。
 D)。（昼__里）由题干中的 the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people 定位到第二段第二句：A 2011
Australian study of 1，621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed.
(_毕解;推理判断题。文章第二段首句指出，对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议，第二句则 举说明，提到2011年澳大利亚一项涉及1,621人的研究发现，随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患 黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜的人群的一半。由此可知，根据此项研究,每天使用防晒霜的确能够降 低患黑瘤的几率,即坚持使用防晒霜是有一定效果的，故答案为D)。
(Ml睛）A)“防晒霜应该与其他防护措施同时使用”，本题的题干是我们能够从2011年澳大利亚一项 涉及1，621人的研究中获知什么，而此选项内容是下文提到的第二项研究的发现，不符合题意，因此排 除;B) “高危人群从防晒霜的使用中获益最多”，此项研究并未涉及防晒霜对于高危人群的作用,排除；
“防晒霜的无规律使用对女性来说弊大于利”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
C)。（，馨走位；由题干中的 the second Australian study 定位到第二段第五句：The study relied on people
remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so ifs not entirely reliable.
解丨推理判断题。该段第三、四句承接上文,介绍了澳大利亚的第二项相关研究，第五句则是作者 对研究过程与结果的主观评论，指出，由于此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年所采取防晒措施的回 忆，因此并不完全可靠。由此可见，此研究并不是基于对被研究对象的直接观察，故答案为C)。 (®l'i) A)“它误导人们依靠防晒霜作为防护”，根据该段第三、四句，此项研究发现，日常使用防晒 霜，i且同时使用帽子、长袖衫、躲在阴凉地方等其他防护措施的人，的确对这种疾病具有某些防护性， 还指出，其他形式的防晒措施——不是防晒霜——似乎最为有益，可见，这并不会对使用防晒霜的人们
造成误导，因此排除;B)“它帮助人们选择最有效的防晒霜”，此项研究并未提及防晒霜的选择问题，因 此排除;D)“它证实了澳大利亚第一项研究的结果”，根据该段第二句，第一项研究发现了防晒霜的有效 性，而第三、四句则指出.第二项研究的结论是防晒霜需要与其他防晒措施共同使用，且其他防晒措施可 能更@有效，可见第二项研究并非证实第一项研究的结果，因此排除。
60. A)。丨 _定位由题干中的 reduce melanoma rates 定位到第四段:The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates，as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (ft_h) sunscreen arid slap on a hat.
(Mf解1推理判断题。文章第四段第一句提到，正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显 示的，i合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措施能够降低黑瘤发病率，第二句据此提出作者自己的观点和建议： 如果今年夏天有热浪，我们也最好套上T恤，抹上防晒霜,并且扣上帽子。也就是说，作者建议我们同时 使用防晒霜和衣服、帽子等其他防护措施，故答案为A)。
B)“尽可能躲在阴凉的地方”，文章第二段提及的第二项研究提到了躲在阴凉地方这种防护 措^，但是作者并未对此进行评论和推荐，因此排除;C) “使用遮挡的防护措施代替防晒霜”，根据文章 第四段，作者推荐综合使用各种防护措施，并未建议放弃使用防晒霜，因此排除;D) “使用适量的防晒 霜”，文章第三段介绍了许多人对防晒霜的错误使用方法，其中之一是用量不足，但这并非作者的建议内 容，因此排除。
Passage Two
全文翻译
在发达国家，与技术水平较低的人相比，受教育程度较高的人工作年限越来越长。年龄在62岁到74 岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中，而只拥有高中学历的人只有32%尚在工作。
这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收入富人与无技术低收入穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。迅速发展的 技术使高技术人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了无技术人群的收入。无论对于个人还是社会，其影响都颇为深远。
世界正在面临老龄人口数量惊人的增长，而他们将比以往任何时候都更长寿。在接下来的20年里，全球65 岁及以上的人口数量将几乎翻一番，从6亿增加至11亿。（63) 20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而 不是工作的卑份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的激增 将产生政府预算问题。
但是，工作中的年轻人与清闲的老年人之间出现严重分化的这一概念忽略了一个新的趋势，即不断增大的高 技术人群与无技术人群之间的差距。年轻的无技术人群的就业率下降，而老龄的高技术人群工作年份却越来越 长。这一分化在美国表现得最为严重，二战后生育高峰期出生的高学历美国人正一再推迟退休，而很多技术较低 的年轻人却被挤出劳动力市场。
政策是一方面的原因〇 (64)许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策。预期寿命的延长 以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工 作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。但是，工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用。对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在 大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高的收入，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效。 (65)技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变：作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都不会随着 年龄的增长而衰退。
e详解详析
61. B)。_定位 由题干中的 rich countries 定位到首段第一句:Across the rich world，well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.
事实细节题。文章开篇即指出，在发达国家’与技术水平较低的人相比,受教育程度较高的人 工作年限越来越长。由此可见，目前在发达国家的劳动力大军中，学历较高的人工作时间更长，故答案
为B)0 
(Jii睛A) “年轻人正在取代老年人”，根据本段第二句的介绍,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥 有^业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之中,可见年轻人并未取代老年人，因此排除;C) “失业率 正在g年递增”和D) “没有大学学位的人找工作很困难”，文章并未提及，因此排除。
B) 〇 画*位J 由题干中的 deepen the divide 定位到首段第三、四句:This gap is part of a deepening divide
between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.
(Ht解事实细节题。文章首段第三句承接上文指出，这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收人富人与 无收人穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。第四句进一步分析了原因，即迅速发展的技术使高技术 人群的收入增加，同时也压缩了那些无技术人群的收入。由此可见，迅速发展的技术就是加剧贫富差距 的主要原因，故答案为B)。
(g_i睛A) “更长的预期寿命”，本段内容中并未提及预期寿命的相关内容，因此排除;〇“劳动人口 的次变化”，本段并未涉及劳动力结构的深层次变化问题，因此排除;D) “高学历人才数量的增加”， 本段第二句提到,年龄在62岁到74岁的美国人中，拥有专业学位的人约有65%仍然处在劳动大军之 中，但并未指出高学历人才的数量较之前有所增加，因此也排除。
A) 〇 (jj运S 由题干中的 the experience of the 20th century 定位到第二段第三句:The experience of the
20th century, when greater longevity (^) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
(函巷解〕事实细节题。文章第二段第三句指出,20世纪，更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而不是 工$高年份更长，这一经历使得观察家们相信，这_一变化将导致经济增长减缓，同时，退休金申领人数的 激增将产生政府预算问题。由此可知，根据20世纪的经历，观察家们预测到的问题之一是经济增长将 减缓，故答案为A)。
OESS B) “政府预算将增加”，根据本段第兰句内容，观察家们预测到两个问题，一是经济增长减缓， 二是&府预算问题，并未说明预算会增加，因此排除;C) “更多人将努力接受高等教育”，文章中并未提 及观察家们对人们态度变化的预测，因此排除;D) “就业市场竞争将更加激烈”，文章中并未指出观察家 们对fA业市场变化的预测，因此也排除。
C)。考倍.由题干中的policy changes in European countries定位到第四段的第二、三句：Many
European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy ), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension
plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.
iEl|$事实细节题。文章第四段第二句和第三句提到，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽 早退的政策。预期寿命的延长以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替 代，这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。由此可知，政策的变化带来 的后果是甚至有钱人也不得不为了在退休后过上舒适的生活而延长工作年限，故答案为c)。
(gi睛A) “无技术的人可能选择尽早退休”，根据文章第四段第二句，许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了 曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策，可见，人们可能都会因此而延长工作时间，因此排除;B) “更多的人不得不 接受在职培训”，文章中并未提及职业培训问题，因此排除;D) “人们可能会从养老金计划中获得慷慨的 固定福利”，根据第四段第三句，慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代，可见 养老:§计划已经修改，早已不再像从前那样慷慨，因此排除。
D)。(H$§j 由题干中的 characteristic of work 定位到第四段第四至六句：But the changing nature of
work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift： the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
解推理判断题。文章第四段第四句提到,工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用，第五句进而对工 作性^的变化进行了分析，指出对那些高学历人士而言，工作报酬在大幅增加，这些人将继续获得较高 的收人，直到老年，因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效，第六句对上文进行了总结，得 出结论，技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变:作为计算机的补充的技能，从经营管理技巧到创新能力，
都不会随着年龄的增长而衰退。由此可见,21世纪的工作特点是，比起年龄问题,经营管理技巧、创新 能力等技能将更加被看重，故答案为D)。
睛：A)“计算机将承担更复杂的工作”，文章第四段的末句提到从经营管理技巧到创新能力，都是 ginSt算机的补充的技能，因此更复杂的工作仍然是由人来承担的，而非计算机，故排除;B)“更多的工 作将由年轻的高学历人才承担”，根据文章第四段的内容，作者强调的是老龄高学历人群比上一代人工 作更有成效，因此相对于年轻人,年龄较长的高学历人才将更受欢迎，故排除;C) “大多数工作将是创造 性的”，文章末句提到创新能力可以作为计算机的补充，可见,除了创新性工作之外，仍有大量的其他工 作需要计算机完成，因此也排除。
©高频词汇及辑语 deepen [丨diipsn] v•加深，加剧 squeeze [skwiiz] v.压；榨 retirement [ri'taismant] n.退休 generous [^enaros] ac?/•慷慨的，大方的
Part IV Translation
g参考译文_、_
China is one of the most ancient civilizations across the world，from which many elements that construct the foundation of the modem world are derived. Now China has the worlds fastest growing economy and is experiencing a new industrial revolution. It has also launched an ambitious space exploration plan, including the building of a space station by 2020. Currently, being one of the largest exporters in the world, China is attracting massive foreign investment. Meanwhile, it has invested billions of dollars overseas as well. In 2011, China surpassed Japan, becoming the second largest economic entity in the world.
B难点注释
翻译第一句时需要注意，“……之一”的表述中，名词使用复数形式，“最古老的文明之一”可译为one of the most ancient civilizations 或 one of the oldest civilizations。
翻译第二句时，需要注意句子的主干为“元素起源于中国”，谓语动词“起源于”可译为be derived from或 originate from;定语“构成现代世界基础的”较长，可处理为定语从句来修饰先行词“元素”；“构成……基础” 可译为construct the foundation of或form the basis of。由于第一句和第二句均为简单句，都出现了“中国” 一词，翻译时既可以单独成句，也可以合二为一。本译文采用后者，将第一句作为主句,第二句处理为定语从 句，用介词+ which来引导，修饰第一句中的China，从而使译文更加简洁连贯。
翻译第三句时，需要注意该句主语为“中国”，句中有两个并列谓语“拥有”和“经历”。“拥有”表示的是客观事 实，可采用一般现在时，“正经历着”强调当前的情况，可采用现在进行时；“工业革命”可译为industrial revolution 〇
第四句中“太空探索计划”可直译为space exploration plan,也可意译为plan for exploring the outer space; “启动”可译为launch或start。
第五句和第M句结构相似，该句有两种译法。可以翻译为两个并列的简单句，也可以将“中国正在吸引大量外 国投资”译为主句,时态为现在进行时;“是世界最大的出口国之一”采用非谓语结构，译为being one of the largest exporters in the world,避免单调和重复0
第六句为简单句,“在海外投资”译为invest overseas, “数十亿”译为billions of。
翻译最后一句时应注意时态。该句表述的是过去的事实，应使用一般过去时。“超越”译为surpass;“成为”这 个短语有两种译法，可以将“超越”和“成为”处理为两个并列的动作，译为became the second largest economy in the world;也可以将“成为”处理为现在分词作状语，表示结果，译为becoming the second largest economic entity in the world 〇
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。未听先知选项中多次出现game和play chess,可以推测对话内容与下象棋有关。另外，从四个选 项的内容中可以推测，对话讲的应该是女士想放弃下象棋，男士给出建议或指导。
解本题的关键在于听懂反问句和反问的语调。女士说因为今天又输了，所以打算放弃下象棋。 男士没有正面回应，而是反问了两句：Just because you lost? Is that any reason to quit? “仅仅是因为输
了吗？那能算是放弃的理由吗?”言外之意就是不该放弃。换句话说就是，男士建议女士继续下棋。故本 题答案为D)。
2. M: Do you know Sally’s new address? She’s got some mail here, and I’d like to forward it to her.
W： Well, we've not been in touch for quite a while. Let’s see. Mary should know it.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。馨1 2 3 4耒明^知_.选项中出现了 mail, address和contact等词，可以推测对话内容和邮件有关。由选项中的 玛丽和萨利两个人名可知对话盼内容涉及另外两个人，人物较多，听录音时应注意区分人物之间的关系， 做好标记;另外，选项A)以the man作主语，选项B)和D)以she作主语，可以推测该题会从女士的角度 提问^女士的话为听音重点。
:塵译解本题的关键在于听到细节“Maiy should know it. ”男士想把萨利的邮件转寄给她，问女士是否 知道她的地址。女士说自己很久没跟萨利联系了,但是结尾补充了一句：“玛丽应该知道地址。”故本题 答案为C)。
3. W： I missed classes this morning. Could you please lend me your notes?
M： My notes? YouVe never seen my handwriting, have you?
Q ： What does the man imply?
C) 。鼸未听先知选项中出现了 handwriting, notes和class等词，可以推测对话内容应该与上课做笔记有 关。另外，四个选项中，A)和B)以his开头，C)和D)以he为主语，可以推测该题会从男士的角度提问， 男士的话为听音重点。
M详解解题的关键是听懂反意疑问句。女士想要借男士的笔记看，男士没有正面回答，而是反问道： YouVe never seen my handwriting，have you? “你没看过我的笔迹，对吗?”言夕卜之意就是自己的笔迹难
.以辨认，不易读懂。故本题答案为B)。
4. M： Tm taking my girlfriend to the fancy new restaurant for her birthday tonight.
W ： I went there last weekend. I found it rather disappointing.
Q ： What does the woman mean?
D) 。S,未听先知四个选项中反复出现了 choose和restaurant等词，由此推测对话内容与选择饭店有关。 另外，选项A)和D)均是讲男士选择饭店，而选项B)和C)则出现了 dating和her，故可推测该题可能是 从女士的角度看待男士所选择的饭店，女士的话为听音重点。
201^6/10 丄纪
W ： Yes, I see. Well, Mr. Grand is not available just now.
M ： Can you tell me when I could reach him?
W ： HeJs very busy for the next few days. Then he5ll be away in New York. So ifs difficult to give you a time. M： Could I speak to someone else, perhaps?
W ： Who, in particular?

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套)
Part I                                                            Writing                (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on this kind of modem life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
THIS MODERN LIFE
                       WORK           HOME           PLAY       SLEEP
 

Part II                     Listening Comprehension            (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1.     A)   He is pleased to sit on the committee.
   B)   He is willing to offer the woman a hand.
   C)   He will tell the woman his decision later.
   D)    He would like to become a club member.
2.     A)   Their planned trip to Vancouver is obviously overpriced.
   B)   They should borrow a guide book instead of buying one.
    C)  The guide books in the library have the latest information.
   D)   The library can help order guide books about Vancouver.
3.    A)  He regrets having taken the history course.
B)  He finds little interest in the history books.
C)  He has trouble finishing his reading assignments.
D)   He has difficulty writing the weekly book report.
4.   A)  The man had better choose another restaurant.
B)  The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating.
C)  The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately.
D)  The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant.
5.   A) He has been looking forward to spring.                C) He will clean the woman’s boots for spring.
B)  He has been waiting for the winter sale. D) He will help the woman put things away.
6.   A) At a tailor’s.                                                                    C)  In a clothes store.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                             D)  In a theatre.
7.   A) His guests favor Tibetan drinks.                            C) Mineral water is good for health.
B) At Bob’s home.                                                      D)  Plain water will serve the purpose.
8.  A) Report the result of a discussion.                            C) Submit an important document.
  B) Raise some environmental issues.                           D) Revise an environmental report. 
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.  A) They pollute the soil used to cover them.                         C) The rubbish in them takes long to dissolve.
B)  They are harmful to nearby neighborhoods.                      D) The gas they emit is extremely poisonous.
10.  A) Growing population.                                             C) Changed eating habits.
B)  Packaging materials.                                           D) Lower production cost.
11.  A) By saving energy.                                                    C) By reducing poisonous wastes.
B)  By using less aluminum.                                        D) By making the most of materials.
12.  A) We are running out of natural resources soon.
B) Only combined efforts can make a difference.
C) The waste problem will eventually hurt all of us
D) All of us can actually benefit from recycling.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13. A) Miami. B) Vancouver. C) Bellingham. D) Boston.
14. A) To get information on one-way tickets to Canada.
B) To inquire about the price of   “ Super Saver” seats.
C) To get advice on how to fly as cheaply as possible.
D) To inquire about the shortest route to drive home.
15.  A) Join a tourist group. C) Avoid trips in public holidays.
B) Choose a major airline. D) Book tickets as early as possible.
Section B 
Directions： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16.   A) There are mysterious stories behind his works.
B) There are many misunderstandings about him.
C) His works have no match worldwide.
D) His personal history is little known.
17.   A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood.
B) He failed to go beyond grammar school.
C) He was a member of the town council.
D) He once worked in a well-known acting company.
18.   A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works.
B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.
C) His works were adapted beyond recognition.
D) People of his time had little interest in him.
Passage Two
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.   A) It shows you have been ignoring your health.
B) It can seriously affect your thinking process.
C) It is an early warning of some illness.
D) It is a symptom of too much pressure.
20.       A)  Reduce our workload.                                                              C) Use painkillers for relief.
             B)  Control our temper.                                                                 D) Avoid masking symptoms.
21.     A) Lying down and having some sleep.                                           C) Going out for a walk.
          B) Rubbing and pressing one’s back.                                               D) Listening to light music.
Passage Three
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22.  A) Depending heavily on loans.                                                  C) Spending beyond one’s means.
      B) Having no budget plans at all.                                                 D) Leaving no room for large bills.
23.   A) Many of them can be cut.                                                     C) They eat up most of the family income.
       B) All of them have to be covered.                                             D) They eat up most of the family income.
24.   A) Rent a house instead of buying one.                                     C) Make a conservation plan.
       B) Discuss the problem in the family.                                        D) Move to a cheaper place.
25.   A) Financial issues plaguing a family.                                         C) Family budget problems and solutions.
       B) Difficulty in making both ends meet.                                       D) New ways to boost family income.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Perhaps because going to college is so much a part of the American dream, many people go for no    26   reason. Some go because their parents expect it, others because ifs what their friends are doing. Then, there’s the belief that a college degree will   27  ensure a good job and high pay.
Some students   28   through four years, attending classes, or skipping (逃课) them as the case may be, reading only what can’t be avoided, looking for less    29    courses, and never being touched or changed in any important way. For a few of these people, college provides no   30  , yet because of parental or peer pressure, they cannot voluntarily leave. They stop trying in the hope that their teachers will make the decision for them by    31    them.
To put it bluntly /(直截了当地）,unless you’re willing to make your college years count, you might be   32   doing something else. Not everyone should attend college, nor should everyone who does attend begin right after high school. Many college students   33  taking a year or so off. A year out in the world helps some people to   34   their priorities and goals. If you’re really going to get something out of going to college, you have to make it mean something, and to do that you must have some idea why you’re there, what you hope to get out of it, and   35   even what you hope to become.
PartⅢ                          Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Ifs our guilty pleasure： Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting   36   can lead to obesity/(肥胖症）and other diseases, researchers have now quantified just how   37   being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large    38   .published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the that for every two hours per day spent channel    39  , the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Journal of the  American Medical Asociation (糖尿病）rose 20% over 8. 5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a   40    , and the odds of dying prematurely     41   13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these    42    are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary (久坐的）activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially   43   at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of  hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to   44   them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn’t compare different sedentary activities to   45   whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
A) climbed  I) previously
B) consume  J) resume
C) decade  K) suffered
D) determine  L) surfing
E) effective  M) term
F) harmful  N) terminals
G) outcomes
H)  passively  O) twisting

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break
A. Imagine taking a college exam, and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few  weeks later, clicking the “send” button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let you rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.
B. EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的）software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
C. The new service will bring the educational consortium(联盟)into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
D. Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful teaching tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for grades. “There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback,” Dr. Agarwal said. “Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback.”
E. But skeptics (怀疑者) the automated system is no match for live teachers. One longtime critic , Les Perelman, has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
F. He is among a group of educators who last month began circulating a petition (呼吁) opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2,000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
G. “Let’s face the realities of automatic essay scoring,” the group’s statement reads in part. “Computers cannot ‘read’.  They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical ( 伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others.
H. But EdX expects its software to be adopted widely by schools and universities. It offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of California-Berkeley; this fall, it will add classes from Wellesley, Georgetown and the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers certificates for course completion and has said that it plans to continue to expand next year, including adding international schools.
I. The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or graders, to first grade 100 essays or essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical（数字的）rank.
J. EdX is not the first to use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states—Louisiana, North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia—are using some form of the technology in secondary schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some cases the software is used as a “second reader,” to check the reliability of the human graders.
K. But the growing influence of the EdX consortium to set standards is likely to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the automated assessment technology.
L. Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create “massive open online courses,” or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. “It allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so that lean turns into a game, with students naturally(吸引) toward resubmitting the work until they get it right,” said Daphne Roller, a computer scientist and a founder of Coursera.
M. Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett- Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers. More than 150 teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contests, Vik Paruchuri, was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.
N. “One of our focuses is to help kids learn how to think critically,” said Victor Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. “ It’s probably impossible to do that with multiple-choice tests. The challenge is that this requires human graders, and so they cost a  lot more and they take a lot more time. ”
O. Mark D. Shermis, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio, supervised the Hewlett Foundation’s contest on automated essay scoring and wrote a paper about the experiment. In his view, the technology—though imperfect—has a place in educational settings.
P. With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said. Plus, he noted, critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation’s best universities, where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.
Q. Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could,” Dr. Shermis said. “ There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world.”
66. Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
67. Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
68. The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
69. Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still   criticized by many educators.
70. Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
71. Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
72. Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
73. As class size grows, most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
74. The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
75. Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
Section C
Directions： There are 2 passages in this 'Section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
The endless debate about “work-life balance ’’ often contains a hopeful footnote about stay-at- home dads. If American society and business won5t make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children, there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full-time fathers will. But based on today’s socioeconomic trends, this hope is, unfortunately, misguided.
It’s true that the number of men who have left work to do their thing as full-time parents has doubled in a decade, but ifs still very small： only 0. 8% of married couples where the stay-at-home father was out of the labor force for a year. Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a downsizing. This is simply not a large enough group to reduce the social stigma(污名)and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision, even if only for a relatively short time.
Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult. A study found that 85% of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but a few, it’s a week or two at most. Meanwhile, the average for women who take leave is more than 10 weeks.
Such choices impact who moves up in the organization. While you’re away, someone else is doing your work, making your sales, taking care of your customers. That can’t help you at work. It can only hurt you. Women, of course, face the same issues of returning after a long absence. But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise families, returning from an extended parental leave doesn’t raise as many eyebrows as it does for men.
Women would make more if they didn't break their earning trajectory (轨迹）by leaving the workforce, or if higher-paying professions were more family-friendly. In the foreseeable future, stay- at-home fathers may make all the difference for individual families, but their presence won’t reduce the numbers of high-potential women who are forced to choose between family and career.
56. What gives women a ray of hope to achieve work-life balance?
A. More men taking an extended parental leave.
B. Peopled changing attitudes towards family.
C. More women entering business management.
D. The improvement of their socioeconomic status.
57. Why does the author say the hope for more full-time fathers is misguided?
A. Women are better at taking care of children.
B. Many men value work more than their family.
C. Their number is too small to make a difference.
D. Not many men have the chance to stay at home.
58. Why do few men take a long parental leave?
A. A long leave will have a negative impact on their career.
B. They just have too many responsibilities to fulfill at work.
C. The economic loss will be too much for their family to bear.
D. They are likely to get fired if absent from work for too long.
59. What is the most likely reaction to men returning from an extended parental leave?
A)   Jealousy. C) Admiration.
B)  Surprise. D) Sympathy.
60. What does the author say about high-potential women in the not-too-distant future?
A. They will benefit from the trend of more fathers staying at home.
B. They will find high-paying professions a bit more family-friendly.
C. They are unlikely to break their career trajectory to raise a family.
D. They will still face the difficult choice between career and children.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.
The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops :rice, wheat, com and soyabeans (大豆).They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.
There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.
Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in com and soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Com and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world. ”,
The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.
Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (回返）to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.
61. What does the author try to draw attention to?
A) Food riots and hunger in the world.   C) The decline of the grain yield growth.
B) News headlines in the leading media.  D) The food supply in populous countries.
62. Why does the author mention India and China in particular?
A. Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.
B. Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.
C. Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.
D. Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.
63. What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement efforts?
A. They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.
B. They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.
C. They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.
D. They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.
64. What does the Food and Agriculture Organisation say about world food production in the coming decades?
A. The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.
B. The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.
C. The "slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.
D. The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.
65. How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organisation?
A. It is built on the findings of a new study.
B. It is based on a doubtful assumption.
C. It is backed by strong evidence.
D. It is open to further discussion.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier services)将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞 争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此,快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.
 
“Good news mom! I was accepted to the college of your choice.”
You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then comment on parents' role in their children’s growth. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A  
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) The woman is the manager’s secretary. C) The man is the manager’s business associate.
B) The man found himself in a wrong place. D) The woman was putting up a sign on the wall.
2. A) He needs more time for the report. C) He is sorry not to have helped the woman.
B) He needs help to interpret the data. D) He does not have sufficient data to go on.
3. A) A friend from New York. C) A postal delivery.
CI) A message from Tony. D) A change in the weather.
4. A) She is not available until the end of next week.
E) She is not a reliable source of information.
F) She does not like taking exams.
G) She does not like psychology.
5. A) He will help the woman carry the suitcase.
CI) The woman’s watch is twenty minutes fast.
CII) The woman shouldn’t make such a big fuss.
CIII) There is no need for the woman to be in a hurry.
6. A) Mary is not so easygoing as her. C) She finds it hard to get along with Mary.
E) Mary and she have a lot in common. D) She does not believe what her neighbors said.
7.      A)  At an information service. C) At a repair shop.
B) At a car wash point. D) At a dry cleaner’s
8.    A) The woman came to the concert at the man’s request.
B) The man is already fed up with playing the piano.
C) The piece of music the man played is very popular.
D) The man’s unique talents are the envy of many people.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.    A) He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.
B) He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.
C) He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago.
D) He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.
10.   A) He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.
B) He is eager to find a job with an increased salary.
C) He likes to work in a company close to home.
D) He would rather get a less demanding job.
11.   A) Sports. B) Travel.             C) Foreign languages.                D) Computer games.
12.      A)       When he is supposed to start work.
B) What  responsibilities he would  have.
C) When he will be informed about his application.
D) What career opportunities her company can offer.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13.    A) She is pregnant. C) She has just finished her project.
B) She is over 50. D) She is a good saleswoman.
14. A) He takes good care of Lisa.                                                      C) He is good at business management.
B) He is the CEO of a  giant company. D) He works as a sales manager.
15.   A) It is in urgent need of further development.
B) It produces goods popular among local people.
C) It has been losing market share in recent years.
D) It is well positioned to compete with the giants.
Section B
Directions ： In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) It is lined with tall trees. C) It has high buildings on both sides.
B) It was widened recently. D) It used to be dirty and disorderly. 
17.    A) They repaved it with rocks. C) They beautified it with plants.
B) They built public restrooms on it. D) They set up cooking facilities near it.
18.  A) What makes life enjoyable. C) What a community means.
B) How to work with tools. D) How to improve health.
19.  A)      They were obliged to fulfill the signed contract.
B) They were encouraged by the city officials, praise.
C) They wanted to prove they were as capable as boys.
D) They derived happiness from the constructive work.
Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
20.  A)     The majority of them think it less important than computers.
B) Many of them consider it boring and old-fashioned.
C) The majority of them find it interesting.
D) Few of them read more than ten books a year.
21.  A) Novels and stories. C) History and science books.
B) Mysteries and detective stories.                                                   D) Books on culture and tradition.
22.  A) Watching TV. C) Reading magazines.
B) Listening to music. D) Playing computer games.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
23.  A)       Advice on the purchase of cars.
B) Information about the new green-fuel vehicles.
C) Trends for the development of the motor car.
D) Solutions to global fuel shortage.
24.  A) Limited driving range. C) The short life of batteries.
B) Huge recharging expenses. D) The unaffordable high price.
25.     A)       They need to be further improved.
B) They can easily switch to natural gas.
C) They are more cost-effective than vehicles powered by solar energy.
D) They can match conventional motor cars in performance and safety.
Section C
Directions ： In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
My favorite T. V. show?  “  The Twilight Zone.” I   26    like the episode called “ The Printer’s Devil. ” It’s about a newspaper editor who’s being    27   out of business by a big newspaper syndicate—you know, a group of papers   28    by the same people.
He’s about to   29    when he’s interrupted by an old man who says his name is Smith. The editor is not only offered $ 5,000 to pay off his newspapers     30    , but this Smith character also offers his services for free. It turns out that the guy operates the printing machine with amazing speed, and soon he’s turning out newspapers with    31   . The small paper is successful again. The editor is    32    at how quickly Smith gets his stories—only minutes after they happen—but soon he’s presented with a contract to sign. Mr. Smith, it seems, is really the devil! The editor is frightened by this news, but he is more frightened by the idea of losing his newspaper, so he agrees to sign. But soon Smith is    33    the news even before it happens—and ifs all terrible—one disaster after another. Anyway, there is a little more to tell, but I don’t want to    34    the story for you. I really like these old episodes of “The Twilight Zone” because the stories are fascinating. They are not realistic. But then again, in a way they are, because they deal with     35     .
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
As a teacher, you could bring the community into your classroom in many ways. The parents and grandparents of your students are resources and     36     for their children. They can be     37     teachers of their own traditions and histories. Immigrant parents could talk about their country of    38     and why they emigrated to the United States. Parents can be invited to talk about their jobs or a community project. Parents, of course, are not the only community resources. Employees at local businesses and staff at community agencies have    39     information  to share in classrooms.
Field trips provide another opportunity to know the community. Many students don’t have the opportunity to    40    concerts or visit museums or historical sites except through field trips. A school district should have   41    for selecting and conducting field trips. Families must be made    42    of field trips and give permission for their children to participate.
Through school projects, students can learn to be    43    in community projects ranging from planting trees to cleaning up a park to assisting elderly people. Students,    44    older ones, might conduct research on a community need that could lead to action by a city council or state government. Some schools require students to provide community service by    45    in a nursing home, child care center or government agency. These projects help students understand their responsibility to the larger community.
A) assets I) joining
B) attend J) naturally
C) aware K) observe
D) especially L) origin
E) excellent M) recruited
F) expensive N) up-to-date
G) guidelines
H) involved                     O) volunteering

Section B
Directions ： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking
A) Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple, much has been said about him as a peerless business leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of　hit products that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
B) All true, but let’s think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let’s look at Mr. Jobs as a role model.
C) Above all, he is an innovator (创新者）. His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile software online. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion ： you can’t engineer innovation, but you can increase the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs’ career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit of improving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs, of course, has enjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economic progress—higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperous careers for individuals. And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovation game.
D) “ We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,” says John Kao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kao notes, are now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation. These include government financing for scientific research, national policies to support emerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds of Internet broadband service.
E) Yet what other nations typically lack, Mr. Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity, experimentation, risk-taking, and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls “ recombinant mash-ups ( 打碎重组 ),” like the iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category. “The culture of other countries doesn’t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies, as America does,” Mr. John Kao says.
F) Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to thriving in the modem economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real- life experience is often even more valuable.
G) An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He was fascinated by electronics as a child, building Heath kit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobs dropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak, an engineering wizard (奇才). Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997.
H) His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. “It’s often people like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrough ideas and insights,” says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute of Business Administration.
I) Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5000(创业者）and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co¬-authors are Jeff  Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovators Dilemma popularized the concept of (颠覆性的）innovation. ”
J) The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning, experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes the ceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. Hal Gregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas. Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.
K) “Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,” Mr. Gregersen says. “It’s a habit for them Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in the stock market, which they call an “innovation premium (溢价）.” It is calculated by estimating the share of a company’s value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovation premium tries to quantify(量化)investors’ bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation.
L) Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs’ first term with the company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Applet fortunes improved gradually at first, and improved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52 percent innovation premium since then.
M) There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could have reshaped industries beyond computing, as he has done in his second term at Apple, without the experience outside the company, especially at Pixar—the computer-animation (动画制作）studio that created a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as “Toy Story” and “Up.”
N) Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class at Stanford University in 2005. “It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me,” he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance (坚持）and will power. “Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick,” he said. “Don’t lose faith. ”
O) Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one’s choice of work and in one’s life. Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students. His advice was emphasized by the words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which he quoted Stay hungry. Stay foolish. ” “And, Mr. Jobs said, “I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
46. Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address.
47. Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple.
48. Steve Jobs once used computers to make movies that were commercial hits.
49. Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the raw materials for innovation.
50. Great innovators are good at connecting concepts from various academic fields.
51. Innovation is vital to driving economic progress.
52. America has a social environment that is particularly favorable to innovation.
53. Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.
54. Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for career success.
55. Applet fortunes suffered from an innovation discount during Jobs’ absence.
Section C
Directions ： There are 2 -passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation : Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue, “ many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems. ’’
The research references studies of peopled behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions： licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren5t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
56. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
57. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A)  They should be implemented effectively. C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
B)  They provide misleading information. D) They help people make rational choices.
58. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
59. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
60. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy (破产）protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency ( 自满)”that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.
Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate(企业的）culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.
61. What do we learn about Kodak?
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B) It is approaching its downfall.
C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D) It is playing the dominant role in the film market.
62. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?
A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
63. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?
A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.
B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck  in their glorious past.
64. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?
A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge.
65. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?
A)    Its blind faith in traditional photography. C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
B)  Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence. D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥,无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包,但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。